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Intro to Psych 1102 > Wk 1, 2, & 3 Developmental Psych > Flashcards

Wk 1, 2, & 3 Developmental Psych Flashcards

1
Q

What is developmental psych?

A

Study of how behaviour changes over the life span

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2
Q

Change can occur due to:

A

-physical maturation (nature)
-shaped by experience (nuture)
-combination of both

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3
Q

3 Areas of study in developmental psych

A

-physical development: body changes
-cognitive development: perception
-psychosocial development: personality

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4
Q

4 intersections of nature and nurture

A
  1. Gene-environment interactions: impact of genes on behaviour depends on the environment
  2. Nature via nurture: nature can drive us to select and create particular environments
  3. Gene expression: some genes only ‘turn on’ to specific environmental events
  4. Epigenetics: nurture can change the way your genes function without actually altering the genetic code itself
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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of early experience in the womb?

A
  1. zygote
  2. blastocyst
  3. embryo
  4. foetus
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6
Q

What is a zygote and what stage is it?

A

egg and sperm (first)

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7
Q

what is a blastocyst and what stage is it?

A

cluster of cells that start to divide and multiply (5-9 days)

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8
Q

what is an embryo and what stage is it?

A

formation of body structures e.g. tissues and organs (to 8 weeks)

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9
Q

what is a foetus and what stage is it?

A

the unborn offspring that has major body organs (last)

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10
Q

what is a sensitive period in early experience?

A

particular environment exposure at a particular developmental point

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11
Q

what are ‘teratogens’

A

any agent that can cause a birth defect and disrupt development

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12
Q

what are some examples of teratogens?

A

-radiation
-chemicals
-nicotine
-alcohol
-recreational drugs

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13
Q

What is the period of greatest susceptibility?

A

embryonic period

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14
Q

What survival instincts are infants born with?

A

reflexes

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15
Q

What do infants need to learn to coordinate movement?

A

motor behaviours

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16
Q

what are the 4 major milestones of infant motor development

A
  1. sitting up
  2. crawling
  3. standing unsupported
  4. walking
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17
Q

What are 2 factors influencing motor development?

A
  1. physical maturation of body and brain
  2. cultural and parenting practices
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18
Q

What is adolescence?

A

transitonal period between childhood and adulthood

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19
Q

What do the pituitary gland stimulate?

A

physical growth and the reproductive system releases sex hormones (oestrogens and androgens)

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20
Q

When does the pituitary gland stimulate?

A

adolescence

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21
Q

What is puberty?

A

sexual maturation resulting in potential to reproduce

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22
Q

Maturation includes changes in what 2 characteristics?

A

-primary sex characteristics
-secondary sex characteristics

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23
Q

what are primary sex characteristics?

A

physical features such as reproductive organs and genitals

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24
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics?

A

sex-differentiating characteristics that do not relate directly to reproduction (breast enlargement, deepening voices, pubic hair)

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25
Q

What is menarche?

A

start of menstruation

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26
Q

What is spermarche?

A

first ejaculation

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27
Q

When does adulthood occur?

A

after reaching full physical and sexual maturation, usually in early twenties

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28
Q

What is cognitive development?

A

how we acquire the ability to learn

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29
Q

What are the 3 ways in which cognitive development theories differ?

A
  1. stage-like changes (sudden spurts) or continuous change (incremental)
  2. domain-general (changes affect all areas) or domain- specific (changes develop independently across different areas)
  3. Source of learning is physical experience or social interaction
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30
Q

What theorist was the first to present a comprehensive account of cognitive development?

A

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

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31
Q

What type of theorist was Piaget?

A

stage-theorist

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32
Q

Piaget proposed that cognitive change is a result of children need to achieve….

A

equilibration

33
Q

What is the equilibration?

A

maintaining a balance between new experiences and what we already know

34
Q

What are the two process of equilibration?

A

-assimilation
-accomodation

35
Q

What is assimilation?

A

new info “assimilated” into existing schemas

36
Q

What is accommodation?

A

schemas updated to accommodate new info

37
Q

What are Piagets four main stages of intellectual growth?

A
  1. sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
  2. Preoperational (2-7 yrs)
  3. Concrete operational (7-11 yrs)
  4. Formal operational (11 yrs -adult hood)
38
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage of cognitive devleopent?

A

no thought beyond immediate physical experiences (object permanence)

39
Q

What is the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

A

able to think beyond the here-and-now

40
Q

What is the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?

A

able to perform mental transformations but only on concrete physical objects

41
Q

What is the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

A

able to perform hypothetical and abstract reasoning

42
Q

What was Vygotsky’s cognitive development theory based on?

A

how social and cultural factors influence learning

43
Q

What is scaffolding in Vygotsky’s theory?

A

learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in learning, but gradually remove structure as child becomes more competent

44
Q

What is Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development?

A

phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

45
Q

Conservation meaning

A

understanding that objects have a fundamental essence that continues to exist, irrespective of changes in form, presentation and appearance

46
Q

When does stranger anxiety develop?

A

8 or 9 months of age

47
Q

What is attachment?

A

strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest

48
Q

What was the experiment called to assess the different attachments?

A

The Strange Situation Procedure (stranger swaps with parent while child is playing)

49
Q

What are the 4 attachments

A

-Secure (50-60%)
-Insecure Anxious-Ambivalent (15-20%)
-Insecure Avoidant (15-20%)
-Disorganised (5-10%)

50
Q

What does secure attachment mean?

A

separation distress, reunion terminates distress, flexibly resumes exploration

51
Q

What does insecure anxious-ambivalent attachment mean?

A

extreme separation distress, not terminated by reunion, unable to resume exploration

52
Q

What does insecure avoidant attachment mean?

A

limited separation distress,
limited response to mother on reunion, exploration focus

53
Q

What does disorganised attachment mean?

A

no coherent strategy –
confusing/contradictory or bizarre behaviour

54
Q

What are the 3 and unofficial 4th parenting styles?

A
  1. permissive
  2. authoritarian
  3. authoritative
  4. uninvolved
55
Q

What is the permissive parenting style?

A

lenient

56
Q

What is the authoritarian parenting style?

A

strict

57
Q

What is the authoritative parenting style?

A

combination of permissive and authoritarian

58
Q

What is the difference between sex and gender?

A

sex: biological
gender: psychological

59
Q

How old are infants when they’re usually subject to gender-roles

A

2 years of age

60
Q

When is gender segregation strong?

A

middle childhood

61
Q

What are the different aggressions in boys and girls

A

boys: physical aggression
girls: relational aggression

62
Q

What is the difference in boys and girls in cognitive abilities

A

small

63
Q

What is gender constancy?

A

the concept that a persons sex is a permanent attribute that is tied to underlying biological properties

64
Q

What are the 3 elements gender constancy is comprised of?

A
  1. gender identity
  2. gender stability
  3. gender consistency
65
Q

What is the Social Cognitive Theory?

A

emphasis on the dynamic interaction between people (personal factors), their behavior, and their environments (PEB)

66
Q

Who was the social cognitive theory developed by?

A

Albert Bandura

67
Q

What are the 4 theories of morality?

A
  1. Piaget’s theory
  2. Kohlberg’s theory
    3.Freud’s theory of conscience
    4.Social Cognitive theory
68
Q

What does Piaget’s theory of morality involve?

A

earlier on kids relied on
-morality of constraint (consequences) and then later they relied on
-morality of cooperation (intentions)

69
Q

What does Kohlberg’s theory of morality involve?

A

stage 1. preconventional morality (satisfying own needs)
stage 2. conventional morality (focus on social approval)
stage 3. postconventional morality (focus on abstract ideals)

70
Q

What are the levels of Kohlberg’s theory of morality

A

stage one:
1. avoid punishment
2. reward
stage two:
3. gain approval and avoid disapproval of other
4. rigid codes of “law and order”
stage three:
5. social contract
6.abstract ethical principles that determine one’s own moral code

71
Q

What is a limitation of Kohlberg’s theory of morality?

A

-only males used in study

72
Q

What are the gender differences in morality?

A

-morality of care: women
-morality of justice: men

73
Q

What are the two elements of Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Agency

A

-moral behaviour
-moral standards

74
Q

In the Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Agency, what is Moral behaviour regulated by?

A

-social sanctions
-self-evaluative sanctions

75
Q

In the Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Agency, what is Moral standards are developed by?

A

-enactive experience
-direct tuition
-modelling

76
Q

How do moral standards and moral behaviours interact in the Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Agency?

A

Moral standards are aligned with behaviour through
the engagement of self-evaluative sanctions

77
Q

What is Moral disengagement?

A

mismatch
between adopting moral standards and not
behaving in accord with those standards

78
Q

What are some self-sanctions that can be disengaged from harmful conduct:

A

-reconstruing the conduct
-obscuring personal causal agency
-misrepresenting or disregarding the injurious consequences of ones actions
-vilifying the recipients of maltreatment by blaming and devaluing them

Intro to Psych 1102 (7 decks)

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