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Intro to Psych 1102 > Wk 1, 2, & 3 Developmental Psych > Flashcards

Wk 1, 2, & 3 Developmental Psych Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What is developmental psych?

A

Study of how behaviour changes over the life span

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2
Q

Change can occur due to:

A

-physical maturation (nature)
-shaped by experience (nuture)
-combination of both

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3
Q

3 Areas of study in developmental psych

A

-physical development: body changes
-cognitive development: perception
-psychosocial development: personality

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4
Q

4 intersections of nature and nurture

A
  1. Gene-environment interactions: impact of genes on behaviour depends on the environment
  2. Nature via nurture: nature can drive us to select and create particular environments
  3. Gene expression: some genes only ‘turn on’ to specific environmental events
  4. Epigenetics: nurture can change the way your genes function without actually altering the genetic code itself
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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of early experience in the womb?

A
  1. zygote
  2. blastocyst
  3. embryo
  4. foetus
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6
Q

What is a zygote and what stage is it?

A

egg and sperm (first)

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7
Q

what is a blastocyst and what stage is it?

A

cluster of cells that start to divide and multiply (5-9 days)

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8
Q

what is an embryo and what stage is it?

A

formation of body structures e.g. tissues and organs (to 8 weeks)

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9
Q

what is a foetus and what stage is it?

A

the unborn offspring that has major body organs (last)

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10
Q

what is a sensitive period in early experience?

A

particular environment exposure at a particular developmental point

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11
Q

what are ‘teratogens’

A

any agent that can cause a birth defect and disrupt development

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12
Q

what are some examples of teratogens?

A

-radiation
-chemicals
-nicotine
-alcohol
-recreational drugs

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13
Q

What is the period of greatest susceptibility?

A

embryonic period

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14
Q

What survival instincts are infants born with?

A

reflexes

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15
Q

What do infants need to learn to coordinate movement?

A

motor behaviours

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16
Q

what are the 4 major milestones of infant motor development

A
  1. sitting up
  2. crawling
  3. standing unsupported
  4. walking
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17
Q

What are 2 factors influencing motor development?

A
  1. physical maturation of body and brain
  2. cultural and parenting practices
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18
Q

What is adolescence?

A

transitonal period between childhood and adulthood

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19
Q

What do the pituitary gland stimulate?

A

physical growth and the reproductive system releases sex hormones (oestrogens and androgens)

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20
Q

When does the pituitary gland stimulate?

A

adolescence

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21
Q

What is puberty?

A

sexual maturation resulting in potential to reproduce

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22
Q

Maturation includes changes in what 2 characteristics?

A

-primary sex characteristics
-secondary sex characteristics

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23
Q

what are primary sex characteristics?

A

physical features such as reproductive organs and genitals

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24
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics?

A

sex-differentiating characteristics that do not relate directly to reproduction (breast enlargement, deepening voices, pubic hair)

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25
What is menarche?
start of menstruation
26
What is spermarche?
first ejaculation
27
When does adulthood occur?
after reaching full physical and sexual maturation, usually in early twenties
28
What is cognitive development?
how we acquire the ability to learn
29
What are the 3 ways in which cognitive development theories differ?
1. stage-like changes (sudden spurts) or continuous change (incremental) 2. domain-general (changes affect all areas) or domain- specific (changes develop independently across different areas) 3. Source of learning is physical experience or social interaction
30
What theorist was the first to present a comprehensive account of cognitive development?
Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
31
What type of theorist was Piaget?
stage-theorist
32
Piaget proposed that cognitive change is a result of children need to achieve....
equilibration
33
What is the equilibration?
maintaining a balance between new experiences and what we already know
34
What are the two process of equilibration?
-assimilation -accomodation
35
What is assimilation?
new info "assimilated" into existing schemas
36
What is accommodation?
schemas updated to accommodate new info
37
What are Piagets four main stages of intellectual growth?
1. sensorimotor (0-2 yrs) 2. Preoperational (2-7 yrs) 3. Concrete operational (7-11 yrs) 4. Formal operational (11 yrs -adult hood)
38
What is the sensorimotor stage of cognitive devleopent?
no thought beyond immediate physical experiences (object permanence)
39
What is the preoperational stage of cognitive development?
able to think beyond the here-and-now
40
What is the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?
able to perform mental transformations but only on concrete physical objects
41
What is the formal operational stage of cognitive development?
able to perform hypothetical and abstract reasoning
42
What was Vygotsky's cognitive development theory based on?
how social and cultural factors influence learning
43
What is scaffolding in Vygotsky's theory?
learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in learning, but gradually remove structure as child becomes more competent
44
What is Vygotsky's zone of proximal development?
phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction
45
Conservation meaning
understanding that objects have a fundamental essence that continues to exist, irrespective of changes in form, presentation and appearance
46
When does stranger anxiety develop?
8 or 9 months of age
47
What is attachment?
strong emotional connection we share with those to whom we feel closest
48
What was the experiment called to assess the different attachments?
The Strange Situation Procedure (stranger swaps with parent while child is playing)
49
What are the 4 attachments
-Secure (50-60%) -Insecure Anxious-Ambivalent (15-20%) -Insecure Avoidant (15-20%) -Disorganised (5-10%)
50
What does secure attachment mean?
separation distress, reunion terminates distress, flexibly resumes exploration
51
What does insecure anxious-ambivalent attachment mean?
extreme separation distress, not terminated by reunion, unable to resume exploration
52
What does insecure avoidant attachment mean?
limited separation distress, limited response to mother on reunion, exploration focus
53
What does disorganised attachment mean?
no coherent strategy – confusing/contradictory or bizarre behaviour
54
What are the 3 and unofficial 4th parenting styles?
1. permissive 2. authoritarian 3. authoritative 4. uninvolved
55
What is the permissive parenting style?
lenient
56
What is the authoritarian parenting style?
strict
57
What is the authoritative parenting style?
combination of permissive and authoritarian
58
What is the difference between sex and gender?
sex: biological gender: psychological
59
How old are infants when they're usually subject to gender-roles
2 years of age
60
When is gender segregation strong?
middle childhood
61
What are the different aggressions in boys and girls
boys: physical aggression girls: relational aggression
62
What is the difference in boys and girls in cognitive abilities
small
63
What is gender constancy?
the concept that a persons sex is a permanent attribute that is tied to underlying biological properties
64
What are the 3 elements gender constancy is comprised of?
1. gender identity 2. gender stability 3. gender consistency
65
What is the Social Cognitive Theory?
emphasis on the dynamic interaction between people (personal factors), their behavior, and their environments (PEB)
66
Who was the social cognitive theory developed by?
Albert Bandura
67
What are the 4 theories of morality?
1. Piaget's theory 2. Kohlberg's theory 3.Freud's theory of conscience 4.Social Cognitive theory
68
What does Piaget's theory of morality involve?
earlier on kids relied on -morality of constraint (consequences) and then later they relied on -morality of cooperation (intentions)
69
What does Kohlberg's theory of morality involve?
stage 1. preconventional morality (satisfying own needs) stage 2. conventional morality (focus on social approval) stage 3. postconventional morality (focus on abstract ideals)
70
What are the levels of Kohlberg's theory of morality
stage one: 1. avoid punishment 2. reward stage two: 3. gain approval and avoid disapproval of other 4. rigid codes of "law and order" stage three: 5. social contract 6.abstract ethical principles that determine one's own moral code
71
What is a limitation of Kohlberg's theory of morality?
-only males used in study
72
What are the gender differences in morality?
-morality of care: women -morality of justice: men
73
What are the two elements of Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Agency
-moral behaviour -moral standards
74
In the Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Agency, what is Moral behaviour regulated by?
-social sanctions -self-evaluative sanctions
75
In the Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Agency, what is Moral standards are developed by?
-enactive experience -direct tuition -modelling
76
How do moral standards and moral behaviours interact in the Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Agency?
Moral standards are aligned with behaviour through the engagement of self-evaluative sanctions
77
What is Moral disengagement?
mismatch between adopting moral standards and not behaving in accord with those standards
78
What are some self-sanctions that can be disengaged from harmful conduct:
-reconstruing the conduct -obscuring personal causal agency -misrepresenting or disregarding the injurious consequences of ones actions -vilifying the recipients of maltreatment by blaming and devaluing them

Intro to Psych 1102 (7 decks)

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