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PSYC2020 Q1 > Wk 1 - Gross Anatomy > Flashcards

Wk 1 - Gross Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Trepanning is… (x2)

And was thought to treat… (x3)

A

Prehistoric practice of drilling holes in skull, reasoning unknown,
Epilepsy, headaches, insanity

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2
Q

Phrenology is… (x2)

And was invented by … in the late…

A

Pseudo-scientific belief that different physical features paralleled talents/deficiencies, and
That you could detect these by the bumps they formed on the skull
Franz Joseph Gall, late 1700s

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3
Q

Medial means… (x1)

A

Toward the middline

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4
Q

Lateral mean … (x1)

A

Away from the midline

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5
Q

Dorsal means… (x2)

A

Toward the top of head/back

In humans, the rear of the spine

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6
Q

Ventral means… (x2)

A

Toward the bottom of head/back

In humans, to front of spine

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7
Q

Anterior means… (x2)

A

Toward front of head/chest

In humans, to top of spine

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8
Q

Posterior means… (x2)

A

Toward rear of head/chest

In humans, to bottom of spine

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9
Q

Sagittal plane is… (x2)

A

Vertical slice

Anterior to posterior

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10
Q

Coronal/frontal plane is… (x2)

A

Vertical slice

Left to right

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11
Q

Horizontal plane is… (x1)

A

Self-explanatory

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12
Q

Cross-section is… (x1)

A

90 degree intersection across nerve bundle

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13
Q

The Central Nervous System is… (x1)

And consists of… (x2)

A

Encased in bone

Brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

Peripheral nervous system is… (x1)

And function …(x1)

A

Not encased in bone

Transmits info to and from CNS

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15
Q

Nuclei refers to… (x1)

A

Clusters of cell bodies in CNS

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16
Q

Ganglia refers to… (x1)

A

Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

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17
Q

Meninges are… (x1)

And three types in brain…

A

Membranes
Dura mater - tough leathery membrane
Arachnoid meninx - lattice, web, net
Pia mater - fine membrane attache to the brain

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18
Q 
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced in the... (x1(
And moves to fill... (x2)
A

Choroid plexus

Sinus cavities - spaces allow the brain to float

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19
Q

Layers of the skull, from outer to inner… (x7)

A 
Scalp
Skull
Dura mater
Arachnoid meninx - encasing sinus spaces
Subarachnoid space 
Pia mater meninx
Cortex
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20
Q

Ventricles are… (x2)

A

Hollows formed out of folds in the brain, that fill with CSF

Left over from early development

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21
Q

Ventricles, named from top of skull to bottom… (x5)

A 
Lateral ventricles
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Central canal
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22
Q

Two directions of flow for cerebrospinal fluid…

A

Originating in lateral ventricles/choroid plexus, then either:
Down through the cerebral aqueduct, past fourth ventricle down brain stem to spinal column; or
Outwards and up into the subarachnoid space encircling the cortex

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23
Q

Physical protection of the brain is provided by… (x3)

A

Skull
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid

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24
Q

Chemical protection of the brain is provided by the… (x1)
Which consists of… (x1)
Functioning to… (x1)
With potential negative effects for… (x1)

A

The blood-brain barrier
Tightly packed cells along the blood vessel walls of CNS
Prevent entry of many (large) molecules
Delivery of drugs, eg L-Dopa must be given to Parkinson’s patients, as dopamine molecules are too large

25
Q

The CNS consists of , from top to bottom (x9)

A 
Cerebrum
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla
C1 - C8, cervical nerves
T1 - T12, thoracic nerves
L1 - L5, Lumbar nerves
S1 - S5, sacral nerves
Coccygeal nerve
26
Q

Quadriplegia is caused by… (x1)

A

Damage to C1 - C8, cervical nerves, at top of spine

27
Q

Paraplegia is caused by… (x2)

A

Damage to either:
T1 - T12, thoracic nerves, or
L1 - L5, lumbar nerves

28
Q

Initial development of the CNS differentiates the brain into… (x4)

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Spinal cord

29
Q

Early differentiation of the brain differentiates from 4 initial structures into more specialised structures… (x6)

A 
Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon (medulla)
Spinal cord
30
Q

The arrangement of the spinal cord, from dorsal to ventral (back to front)… (x4)

A

Dorsal horn
Grey matter (interior of cord) is surrounded by
White matter
Ventral horn

31
Q

Afferent nerve endings go to… (x1)

While efferent go to… (x1)

A 
Dorsal side of spine (the back)
Ventral side (the front)
32
Q

Afferent nerves in the somatic nervous system… (x2)

A

Sensory nerves

Carry info to the CNS

33
Q

Efferent nerves in the somatic nervous system… (x2)

A

Motor nerves

Carry info away from the CNS

34
Q

The PNS consists of… (x2 + functions)

A

Somatic nervous system - some conscious control

Autonomic nervous system - regulates internal states, outside conscious control

35
Q

Afferent nerves in the autonomic nervous system… (X1)

A

Carry info from the internal organs

36
Q

Efferent nerves in the autonomic nervous system… (x1)

A

Carry info to the internal organs

37
Q

Efferent nerves of the autonomic nervous system make up which two additional nervous systems?
Which interact in what way? (x1)

A

Parasympathetic - conserves energy
Sympathetic - stimulates, and organises energy when threatened
Both inputs received, stronger decides actions - a push/pull effect

38
Q

Five major divisions of the adult brain, in three main areas…

A

Forebrain - telencephalon, diencephalon
Midbrain - mesencephalon
Hindbrain - metencephalon, myelencephalon

39
Q

The telencephalon (part of forebrain) consists of… (x7)

A 
Cerebral cortex
Major fissures
Major gyris
Four lobes
Limbic system
Basal ganglia
Cerebral commissures
40
Q

The cerebral cortex consists of… (x2)

A

Neocortex

Hippocampus

41
Q

The neocortex is composed of which two cell types? (+ description/distribution)

A 
Pyramidal (long axons, thicker layer in motor cortex) and 
Stellate cells (short axons, connect to each other, thicker layer in visual cortex)
42
Q

The six layers of the neocortex that precede the white matter are arranged as…

A

Layer 1 – axons and dendrites, few cell bodies
Layer 2 – densely packed stellate, few small pyramidal
Layer 3 – loosely packed stellate, intermediate size pyramidal
Layer 4 – bands of densely packed stellate, no pyramidal
Layer 5 – very large pyramidal, few loosely packed stellate
Layer 6 – pyramidal of various size, loosely packed stellate
Then the white matter – myelinated pyramidal cell axons, few cell bodies

43
Q

Fissures are… (x1)

Plus three major fissures of the forebrain

A

Valleys (small one is a sulcus)
Central fissure – central, left to right
Lateral fissure – horizontal, roughly front to back, separating the parietal and temporal lobes
Longitudinal fissure – central, posterior to anterior

44
Q

Gyri are… (x1)

Plus four major gyri of the forebrain

A

Peaks
Precentral gyrus – final gyrus of frontal lobe before central fissure
Postcentral gyrus – first one of parietal lobe, behind central fissure
Superior temporal gyrus – top one of temporal lobe, beneath lateral fissure
Cingulate gyrus

45
Q

The four lobes of the forebrain, plus functions

A

Frontal – executive control and planning at front, motor area at precentral gyrus
Temporal – hearing and language at anterior, superior temporal gyrus
Parietal – somatosensory area at postcentral gyrus
Occipital – visual area

46
Q

The limbic system in the forebrain is responsible for… (x4)
And consists of… (x6)

A 
The four F's - feeding, fighting, fleeing,fucking
Amygdala - emotion
Hippocampus – new memories
Fornix
Cingulate cortex
Septum
Mammillary bodies
47
Q

The basal ganglia, in forebrain, consist of… (x5)

A

Amygdala
Striatum - caudate and putamen
Globus pallidus

48
Q

The diencephalon, in forebrain, consists of… (x2 + functions)

A

Thalamus - main relay for sensory info

Hypothalamus - the four F’s

49
Q

The thalamus (in diencephalon, forebrain) contains which three major nuclei? (+ functions)

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus – first synapse after optic nerve leaves eye
Medial geniculate nucleus – auditory relay
Ventro posterior nucleus – sensorimotor relay

50
Q

The midbrain (mesencephalon) consists of which two major divisions?

A

Tectum (dorsal)

Tegmentum (ventral

51
Q

The tectum (dorsal side of mesencephalon/midbrain) consists of… (x2)

A

Superior colliculum - vital for sound orienting

Inferior colliculum

52
Q

The tegmentum (ventral side of mesencephalon/midbrain) consists of… (x5)

A

Reticular formation
Cerebral aqueduct
Periaqueductal grey – involved internal pain management, sends pain-blocking signal down spinal cord
Substantia nigra – involved in voluntary movement (check this);
Red nucleus

53
Q

Frozen Addict’s in Boston were (x1)

And were important because… (x2)

A

Young people with Parkinson’s like symptoms
All 25 found to be heroin users - manufacturer had accidentally created neurotoxin that targeted substantia nigra. Taught science how to induce Parkinson’s, led to modelling in animals

54
Q

The hindbrain consists of which two major divisions

A

Metencephalon

Mylencephalon (medulla)

55
Q

The metencephalon (in hindbrain) consists of… (x3)

A

Pons – wraps around the
Reticular Formation
Cerebellum – attached posterior to Pons/medulla

56
Q

Damage/issues of the mylencephalon (medulla) are responsible for… (x2)

A

The origins of many movement disorders,

But also can entail some cognitive deficits

57
Q

Multipolar neurons are… (x2)

A

Those with more than two processes extending from cell body

The most common type

58
Q

Unipolar neurons are… (x1)

A

Neurons with one process extending from cell body

59
Q

Bipolar neurons are… (x1)

A

Those with two processes extending from the cell body

PSYC2020 Q1 (4 decks)

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