Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC2020 Q1 > Wk 3 - Methodology > Flashcards

Wk 3 - Methodology Flashcards

1
Q

Eight methods for visualising/stimulating the brain

A 
Contrast x-rays
X-ray computed tomography (CaT)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
fMRI
Paired image subtraction method
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Five methods for recording psychophysiological activity

A 
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Electromyography (EMG)
Electroculography (EOG)
Skin conductance
Cardiovascular activity (through electrocardiogram, blood pressure etc)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Seven invasive methods for studying brain activity

A 
Stereotaxic surgery
Lesioning
Invasive electrophysiological methods
Pharmacological methods
Chemical lesions
Measuring chemical activity 
Genetic studies/engineering
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Three behavioural methods of biopsychology

A

Neuropsychological testing
Language lateralisation
Secondary tests of frontal lobe function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Contrast x-rays - function (x1) plus dis/advantages (x1)

A

Shows abnormalities of blood vessels, eg tumors, blockages

Good for medical diagnosis, but not brain function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

X-ray computed tomography (CaT scan) - function (x1) plus dis/advantages (x2)

A

Computer creates 3D image from many slices
Higher spatial res than x-ray,
Doesn’t tell which regions are active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - involves (x1), which gives (x1) plus dis/advantages (x4)

A

Inject or inhale a radioactive isotope
Gives correlational evidence - brain activity associated with particular input
Very expensive = uncommon, creation of own isotopes, invasive, side-effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging… (x1) - plus method (x2), plus dis/advantages (x1)

A

Detects waves emitted from hydrogen atoms in magnetic field, which lines up atoms in row
Magnet pulses on and off, atoms snap in and out of alignment
Imaging detects waves produced as they fall out of alignment
Can see brain during processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q 
fMRI relies on the fact that... (x1) - the ??? signal (x1)
Plus advantages (x4) and disadvantages (x1)
A

Oxygenated blood has magnetic properties
BOLD signal: Blood Oxygen Level Dependent signal.
Advantages:
Gives anatomical info, which PET doesn’t
Very high spatial res – about 1mm cubes
Non-invasive
Structural/functional info in same image.
Disadvantages:
Temporal res – due to blood taking time to move around, even though brain activates more quickly. Maybe 1-1.5 second lag/uncertainty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Paired image subtraction method (x1), plus dis/advantages (x2)

A

Taking aggregate of bunch of people
Increase confidence in results
Still correlational, not causal…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation entails… (x2)

Plus dis/advantages (x1)

A

Single magnetic pulses applied locations on scalp at specific times during task; or repetitively prior to task (rTMS/“virtual lesioning”) disrupts activity
Cognitive/behavioural consequences then observed.
Permits causal inference about specific brain region for given task - adjunct to PET/fMRI.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) (x1)

Plus dis/advantages (x2)

A

Detects tiny magnetic fields on surface of scalp, generated perpendicular to electrical current going down a wire
Recording through tissue trashes spatial res – very good temporal
But, combine fMRI scan while doing task to get location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG) functions to… (x1)
By… (x1)
Plus dis/advantages (x2)

A

Records all brain activity at particular time –
Taking aggregate info, average over many trials, identify wave patterns that emerge
Not very accurate - maybe used within fMRI scanner = structural data too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Electromyography (EMG) (x2)

A

Recording signal from specific muscles - the action potential spikes associated with muscle activity
Integrated EMG signal smoothes data, gives clearer view of timing of events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Electrooculography (EOG) (x2)

A

Monitors specific contractions of six eye muscles

Can tell where eye is moving, eg left and right by recording lateral and medial rectus muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Skin conductance is… (x2)

Plus 2 measurements

A

Primary method in fear conditioning, phobias etc
As often changes in response to emotional stimuli.
SCL: the skin conductance level (baseline)
SCR: the skin conductance response, the change in skin conductance in response to a stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stereotaxic surgery involves… (x4)

A

Recording/stimulating device in target region of brain - precise manipulation of surgical devices
Need stereotaxic atlas - each page a thin coronal slice, labelled with coordinates, and
Stereotaxic device
Use bregma (last piece of skull to fuse) as landmark/starting point

18
Q

Lesion methods are (x1)

Plus four types and dis/advantages

A

Removing/disabling portion of brain, observing resulting behaviour.
Aspiration – suck up a small piece of neural tissue. Adv - remove cell bodies, leave axons intact
Radio frequency – insert device that delivers microwave pulse. Destroys nearby tissue
Knife cuts – complement aspiration, cutting connections between cells, cut axons
Cryogenic blockade - reversible, very fine probe with refrigerant. Slows down neural activity. Similar to TMS

19
Q

Cautions needed in interpreting effects of lesion methods (x4)

A

Lesions seldom administered 100% accurately
Effects on neighbouring tissue
Attributing functions of neighbouring tissue to target structure
Discounting the role of any remaining portions of the target tissue

20
Q

Invasive electrophysiological recording methods (x2)

A

Electrodes placed next to each other in neuron, between them

Measure number of action potentials, or from population of neurons

21
Q

Pharmacological methods for studying the brain aim to (x1), and involve… (x2)

A

Goal to increase/decrease the effects of particular neurotransmitters.
Drugs injected/fed to subject, often do not pass through blood brain barrier.
Use of stereotaxic device - guide cannula to deliver drug to target tissue.

22
Q

Chemical lesions, general and 2 specific methods

A

Instead of removing target tissue, neurotoxic chemicals injected.
Kainic acid destroys cell bodies, leaves axons unaffected – similar to aspiration lesion
6 - hydroxydopamine taken up only by neurones that release norepinephrine or dopamine.

23
Q

2-Deoxyglucose Technique is a method for… (x1)
Plus method (x2)
And dis/advantages (x2)

A

Measuring chemical activity in the brain
2-DG taken up by active neurons.
Sacrifice and brain sliced after engaging in target behaviour.
Regions with concentrations of 2-DG identified as responsible.
Only on animals, as have to kill them
Very fine res of regions involved in behaviour

24
Q 
Genetic method of measuring psych phenomena is.. (x1)
Plus method (x3)
A

Twin studies
Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genotype, dizygotic 50%
Look at records for various disorders:
If monozygotic sample has higher concordance rate than dizygotic sample = heritability.

25
Q

Genetic engineering method of measuring psych phenomena use… (x2)
Plus dis/advantages (x3)

A

Gene knockout techniques
Similar to lesion studies - knock out a specific gene and observe the consequence; infer a link.
Problems:
Behaviour often result of actions/interactions of several genes
Elimination of one gene often influences expression of others
Don’t forget about environmental determinants

26
Q

Neuropsychological testing measures… (x1)
And involves which two initial stages?
Plus two egs of general tests

A

Psychological behaviours
Generally two stages:
Battery of general tests
Follow up of more specific tests guided by first.
General tests include:
IQ tests (with memory and language subtests)
Token test - a quick test of language ability.

27
Q

Measuring language lateralisation is important for… (x1)

And involves… (x1)

A

Planning surgery, Eg surgery for epilepsy – removing structures but preserving vital functions
Sodium Amytal Test – an anaesthetic that shuts down the brain

28
Q 
Secondary tests of frontal lobe function are used to... (x1)
Plus method (x4)
A

Follow up suspicion of frontal lobe damage
Card sorting task - Patient given a set of cards to sort.
Not told the rule, required to guess.
After sorting according to one rule, the examiner changes it.
Frontal lobe damaged patients exhibit perseparation – inability to adapt to new method of sorting

29
Q

Psychophysical methods in ascending order of spatial resolution (x7)

A 
Psychophysics
ERP
fMRI, PET, lesions
Optical dyes
Single unit
30
Q

Psychophysical methods in ascending order of temporal resolution (x7)

A 
Psychophysics on full spectrum (ms to days)
Single unit (ms+)
ERP, Optical dyes
fMRI
PET
Lesions
31
Q

Precision is.. (x3)

A

The consistency of response
How close together the darts are on the board
The SD

32
Q

Accuracy is… (x3)

A

How close to objective target you are
How near the bulls-eye you get, on average
The mean

33
Q

The standard stimulus is… (x1)

A

That to which you judge or adjust the comparison stimulus to

34
Q

The comparison stimulus is… (x1)

A

The set judged relative to the standard stimulus

35
Q

The point of objective equality (POE) is… (x1)

A

The point at which the comparison stimulus physically equals the standard

36
Q

The point of subjective equality (PSE) is… (x1)

A

The point at which the comparison stimulus is judged to be equal to the standard (by the Ps)

37
Q

The interval of uncertainty is… (x2)

A

The range of values within which the comparison stimulus cannot be reliably judged as different from the standard
JND x 2

38
Q

The just noticeable difference is… (x1)

A

The smallest difference between stimuli that can be discriminated 50% of the time

39
Q

Constant error is… (x1)

A

A systematic error of judging the POE and PSE significantly smaller/larger than each other

40
Q

Variable error is… (x3)

A

Unsystematic errors in judgement
Relates to JND
Large = low precision, small = high

41
Q

Weber’s Law states that… (x2)

A

The magnitude of the JND is a constant proportion of the stimulus intensity
JND = K (Weber fraction) x S (size of standard stimulus) + C (constant)

PSYC2020 Q1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions