WK 1 - history Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
elieved that invisible creatures were responsible for diseases.
A
Lucretius and Girolamo Fracastoro
2
Q
Francesco Stelluti observed
A
bees and weevil
3
Q
States that life can arise from death
A
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION DEBATE
4
Q
This belief remained unchallenged for 2000 years
A
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION DEBATE
5
Q
Aristotle supported the theory of spontaneous generation by
A
observing that aphids appeared on plants after dew settled on them, that fleas could come frmo putrid matter, and mice from dirty hay.
6
Q
He believed that the dew, combined with the earth, could spontaneously generate living creatures.
A
Aristotle
7
Q
ates that life arises only from pre-existing life, not from non-living matter.
A
principle of biogenesis
8
Q
supported spontaneous generation theory
A
Aristotle
John Needham
9
Q
denied spontaneous generation theory
A
lazaro spallanzani
Francesco Redi
Robert hooke (technically though not implicitly)
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch
Joseph lister
10
Q
He believed that his chicken broth experiment was proof that life can arise from non-living
A
John Needham experiment
11
Q
Denied Needham’s claims
A
Lazaro Spallanzani
12
Q
Believes that the microbes that came from Needham’s experiment came fromwhat
A
Believes that the microbes that came from Needham’s experiment came from the air instead of the broth and that boiling will kill them
spallanzani
13
Q
how did spallanzani disprove needham’s experiment
A
To prove this, he took 2 flasks and sealed one, the one sealed did not have any microbes thereby proving his claim
14
Q
Maggot and meat with gauze experiment
A
francesco redi
15
Q
In his experiment, he found out that flies were the origin of the maggots and not another non-living entity
A
francesco redirected
16
Q
Found Little boxes/cells via a Simple magnifying lens
A
robert hooke
16
Q
Animalcules was used to describe the microorganisms he found in his microscope
A
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
17
Q
First protazoologists
A
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
18
Q
Father of microbiology
A
Louis Pasteur
19
Q
Disproved theory of spontaneous generation via the theory of biogenesis
A
Louis Pasteur
20
Q
how was the spontnaeous generation theory disproved
A
His swan neck flask experiment settled the argument on spontaneous generation theory by proving that life can only come from living things
21
Q
louis pasteur worked on
A
Worked on pasteurization (pag alis ng microbe same), fermentation
22
Q
German theory of disease, “microorganisms are the cause of infectious diseases”
who
A
louis pasteurization
23
Q
To get rid of microbes you need to filter or expose it to chemicals
who said
A
louis pasteur
24
Death after childbirth is caused by material on hand of a midwife or attending physician
oliver wendell
25
Ordered importance of handwashing
oliver wendell
26
Death rate increased due to medical students and decreased in summer due to not doing handwashing
ignaz ssemmelweis
27
One of the father of epidemiology
john snow
28
Found source of cholera in london
JOHN SNOW
29
Key role in setting standard for good proper hygiene
JOHN SNOW
30
leader in the adaption of anaesthesia
JOHN SNOW
31
Sickness or disease is caused by bad air daw
JOHN SNOW
32
Sterilization of growth media in science
Tyndallization
33
Process of sterilizing liquid by heating and could be killed successive 3 days heating (bacteria)
Tyndallization
34
Bacteria can exist in 2 form
HEAT STABLE AND HEAT SENSITIVE
35
BACTERIA THAT Needes prolonged/intermittent heat to be destroyed
HEAT STABLE
36
Zero microbes
STERILE
37
Confirmed germ theory via the kohc’s postulate
ROBERT KOCH
38
Developed pure culture techniques
ROBERT KOCH
39
Originated use of 2-part petri dish for growing bacteria and a technique for isolating bacterial colonies
ROBERT KOCH
40
Was able to see agent of tb via culture which is Myobacterium tuberculosis
ROBERT KOCH
41
Was able to see agent of tb via culture which is Myobacterium tuberculosis IS AKA
or Kohc’s bacillus
42
identified and isolated the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax.
ROBERT KOCH
43
Said that pure culture technique
is the foundation of all research on infections
ROBERT KOCH
44
is the foundation of all research on infections
PURE CULTURE TECHNIQUE
45
Kohc’s postulate
1. Pag may sakit may microbe,
pag wala edi wala lol
2. Mapapatubo sa culture plate
yung microbe
3. Cell from culture should cause
diseases
4. Grinow uli tas same microbe
46
Problems with kohc’s postulate
- Some are aerobic and some are
anaerobic
- Some have no symptom but still has
the microbe due to immunity
- Subclinical diseases
- carriers
- Cant grow on lab media
- Humans are the only host
- Obligate intracellular parasite
- Toxins or immunopathology
- If the disease is caused by a virus
- Pwedeng ibang klaseng sakit pag iba
iba agent na nasa katawan
47
In the vagina there is which keeps the it acidic
● Lahat ng butas sa katawan may bactE
Lactobacilus
acidophilus
48
- Father of modern surgery
JOSEPH LISTER
49
- Applied germ theory in surgery
JOSEPH LISTER
50
- Father of modern amnisepsis
JOSEPH LISTER
51
Avoid infection by preventing it from wound
this led to rise of sterile surgery
JOSEPH LISTER
52
Namamatay daw inooperahan dahil sa
contamination sa paligid from surgery
JOSPEH LISTER
53
Supported louis pasteur when he stated To
get rid of microbes you need to filter or
expose it to chemicals
JOSEPH LISTER
54
- Made first vaccine
Edward Jenner
55
Made small puncture with cowpox material in
arm of human to prevent smallpox mga
milkmaids daw kasi di nagkakasmallpox so
nag experiment siya.
Edward Jenner
56
Cure for syphilis:
salvarsan (Arsenic
derivative) –
57
preparation 606
6 salvation for syphilis
58
Cure for syphilis: salvarsan (Arsenic
derivative) – siya nag develop neto and called
it preparation 606 salvation for syphilis
WHO
Paul Ehrlich
59
chemotherapy treatment via chemical
substance
WHO
PAUL EHRLICH
60
wanted to find a magic bullet, an agent that
would kill disease without harming the patient
PAUL EHRLICH
61
- Gamitin daw ni kohc yung agar?
Walter Hesse
62
- Developed Petri dish
Richard petri
63
Staining method that demonstrated bacteria
and distinguished between gram + and -
Christian gram
64
Observed staphylococcus colonies
disappearing near the penicillin which is
antibacterial kaya di makalapit
Alexander Flehming
65
Tobacco mosaic virus could pass filter to
remove bacteria
WHO0
DIMITRI IVANOVSKI
66
- Culture media to study yeast and mold
WHO
Raymond Sabouraud
67
- Dye prontosil effective against bacteria
Gerhard Domagk
68
- Polio vaccine
Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin
69
- Streptomyocin and tetrocypin
Selman Walksman
70
- Electron microscope
Ruska
71
- Dna is genetic material
Avery and Macleod
72
- Dna, 1953
Crayson and crick
73
Research RNA and protein synthesis in
bacteria
Jacob and monod, 1965
74
e use of microbe
to remove toxins and benefit the environment
Bioremediation
75
Bioremediation EXAMPLE
(e.g. pesticide via Bacillus thuringiencis )
76
5 TYPES OF MICROBES
Has 5 types
1. Protozoa
2. Microscopic algae
3. Fungi
4. Virus
5. Bacteria
77
2 types of bacteria
1. Eubacteria - most are
disease-causing
2. archaebacteria
78
- The smallest known infectious agent
VIRUS
79
- Non-living unless it lives in a living cell
VIRUS
80
VIRUS CONTAINS
- Only nucleic acid and protein coat
81
WHAT KINF OF ORGANISM IS A VIRUS
SUBCELLULAR ORGANISM
82
Single-celled eukaryotic organisms larger
than bacteria
PROTAZOAN
83
- Lead cause of death in developing countries
PROTAZOAN
84
- Eukaryotic, single or multicellular
FUNGI
85
DESCRIBE MOLD
MULTICELULLAR FUNGI THAT REPRODUCES VIA SPORE
86
DESCRIBE YEAST
UNICELLULAR FUNGI THAT REPRODUCES VIA BUDDING
87
2 KINDS OF MULTICELLULAR PARASITES
PARASITIC INSECT AND PARASITIC WORM
88
- Single-celled prokaryote
BACTERIA
89
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTYERIA
Classification
1. Shape
2. Retain dyes
3. Grow with or without air
4. Biochemical reaction
90
- By Carl von linne
TAXONOMY
91
TAXONOMY IS BASED ON WHAT
PROCESS OF EVOLUTION
92
TAXONOMY IN ORDER
Taxonomy
● Domain
● Kingdom - Prokaryotae
● Phylum - Gracilicutes
● Class - Scotobacteria
● Order - Eubacteria
● Family - Enterobacteriaceae
● Genus - Escherichia
● Species - coli
93
3 TYPES OF DOMAIN
1. Eubacteria = true bacteria,
peptidoglycans in cells
2. Archaea = ancient bacteria, odd
bacteria, lives in extreme environment
such as those with high salt or
heat,etc. (extremophiles)
3. Eukarya = have nucleus and
organells
94
true bacteria,
EUBACTERIA
95
peptidoglycans in cells
EUBACTERIA
96
ancient bacteria, odd
bacteria, lives in extreme environment
such as those with high salt or
heat,etc. (extremophiles)
ARCHAEA
97
have nucleus and
organells
EUKARYA
98
P VS E
Has genetic material that does not segregate
to cytoplasm but instead is in nucleoid
PROKARYOTE
99
P OR E
- Eubacteria and archaea
PROKARYOTES
100
IS PROKARYOTE UNI OR MULTICELLULAR
UNI
101
- Smaller (70s) ribosome
PROKARYOTES
102
EUKARYOTES - Unicellular or multicellular
BOTH
103
- Larger (80s) ribosome, 70s in organelle
EUKARYOTES
104
S i for
svedberg unit
105
- Arrangement of bacteria into groups
Classification
106
- Naming, means of communicating
Nomenclature
107
Practical use of classification made to
distinguish certain organism
IDENTIFICATION
108
Gives each microbe 2 names
- Genus - noun, capital
- Species - adj,lowercase
NAMING
109
All cocci are gram + except
neisseria,
moraxella and bianharella
110
ARE BACTERIA UNI OR MULTICELLULAR
UNI KASI NGA PROKARYOTES SIYA
111
HOW ARE BACTERIA DIFFERENTIATED
Differentiated based on shape,
morphology,chemical composition
112
DESCRIBE BACILLI
rod, 0.5 - 1um width upto 3um
length
113
the ones causing leptospirosis
SPIRAL BACTERIA
114
EXAMPLE OF SPIRAL BACTERIA
Leptospira, morella (causes lime) ,
treponema (syphilis)
115
DESCRIBE COCCI
- Cocci = sphere, 1um, diameter
116
COCCI SHAPE AND ARRANGEMENT
1. Coccus
2. Diplococci - dalawang magkadikit
3. Streptococci - parang necklace / chain
(strepto)
4. Tetrad - apat apat
5. Sarcina - walo
6. Staphylococci - grape-like
117
BACILLI ARRANGEMENT
Bacilli
1. Coccobacillus = parang lgbt di bilog di haba.
Short and fat
2. Bacillus
3. Diplobacillus
4. Streptobacillus
5. Palisades
118
SPIRAL ARRANGEMENT
1. Vibrio = comma shape, causes cholera
2. Spirillum = rigid, has flagella outside
3. Spirochete = wiggly. Looks like its dancing,
flagella surrounds its body
119
- Layer that surrounds bacteria.
CAPSULE
120
- Sugar coat. usually polysaccharide
CAPSULE
121
Acidophil. Nabubuhay kahit na ph 1 like
gastritis
CAPSULE
122
Only 2 kinds of bacteria can produce spore
1. Bacillus - anaerobic
2. Clostridium - aerobic
123
BACTERIA IS surrounded by __________bc its firmly attached
to the cell, if its loosely attached its called the
________
surrounded by capsule/glycocalyx (sticky
protective coat of sugar) bc its firmly attached
to the cell, if its loosely attached its called the
slime layer
124
BACTERIA IS surrounded by protective cell wall with
peptidoglycan (protein-carbohydrate
125
Carry on
photosynthesis and respiration
ENFOLDING OF CELL MEMBRANE
126
short hair-like projections IN BACTERIA
short hair-like projections called pilli
127
PILLI DESCRIBE
2 TYPES:
1. common pili or fimbriae = for
attachment
2. sex pili = for conjugation
128
ESSENTIALSTRUCTURE OF BACERIA
-OUTER MEMBRANE
-CELL WALL
-CELL MEMBRANE
-CYTOPLASM
- NUCLEAR MATERIAL
129
Protects the cell against sme
antibiotics
- Outer membrane
130
- gives shape to bacteria.
- Cell wall
131
Contains peptidoglcan responsible for
the staining property of bacteria
cell wall
132
gram positive layer
Gram +: 2 outer layers , inner cell
membrane and outer cell wall
133
gram negative layer
Gram -. 3 layers, inner cell
membrane, outer cell wall, outermost
outer membrane
134
- Allows hidden substances outside of
the bacterial cell
- Filter of bacteria
cell membrane
135
circular chromosome almost
like a flower and dna called
PLASMID
136
CONTAINS PLASMID
CELL MEMBRANE
137
Neutrophil has trouble handling it if it
gets slimy so they phagocytize
CAPSULE/GLYCOCALYX
138
Prortects cells / evades against
phagocytosis
CAPSULE
139
PILLI IS MOSTLY MADE UP OF
The nature of their chemical is highly
protein (gawa sila sa protein)
140
Propels the bacterial cell, they create
a run
FLAGELLA
141
IN A FLAGELLA
Clockwise rotation creating a run,
counter clockwise a
stumble
142
FLAGELLA IS MADE UP OF
Composed of filament, hook, basal
body or their rings inserted in their cell
membrane
143
Filament is composed of
flagellin
144
informs connection
between filament
Hook
145
basal
body composed of
rings
146
if the bacilli is only on end its
called
LOCOTRICHOUS
147
Magkabilang dulo meron, its
called
amphitrichous
148
Body is surrounded by
flagella,its called
peritrichous
149
- tawag pag wala flagella
trichous
150
Spore is
used to recreate another
vegetative state
151
Protects themself against harsh
environment or dryness
endospore
152
Located terminall (like
clostridium
153
center (like ) o
bacillus
154
anti-bacterial resistance can be
installed in the genes here.
plasmid
155
describe badcterial cell wall
The cell wall is an alternating molecules of
-acetylglucosamine (NAG) or the sugar
backbone and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
tas pinagdudugotong sila ng amino acids or
side chains
156
difference of gram positive and negative cell wall
Major difference ng dalawa in their cell wall is that
- Mas makapal sa positive kesa negative
- 3 layer sa negative, 2 sa positive
- May periplasm sa gram negative
- Sa positive may teichoic acid
- Pwede ren magkaron ng lipopolysaccharide
sa positive
157
responsible for shock infection,
coma in ground negative sepsis in patients
kasi nasa outer membrane siya ng ground
negative bacteria
lipid a
158
lipid a is located in the
outer membrane
159
- bacteria with no cell wall.
mycoplasmis
kind microe daw idk
160
- Bacteria with capsule out of polysaccharide/
Encapslated bactera
161
Capsule can be made out of polypeptide
though uncommon
Encapsulated bacteria
162
- Aka Axial filaments
endoflagella
163
Nakapalibot sa katawan nila flagella sa loob
ng katawan kaya den flexible katawan nila -
they can do ________in the mud.
endoflagella
164
endospore consists of
Consists of: exosporium,outer and inner
spore coat, outer membrane cortex germ cell
wall inner membrane and ca-dpa which is the
most important for resistance
165
he most important molecule/substance for
each to withstand adverse condition in
bacteria is
dipoclinic respond agropore
166
once it becomes a
spore, it becomes a new meditative cell again
in a process called
germination
167
process
of formation is .
sporulation
168
