WK 2 - metab

Question 1

The sum of all chemical reations within a living organism. It
is called an energy balancing act because it is a
combination of Catabolism and Anabolism

Answer 1

MICROBIAL METABOLISM

Question 2

hemical reactions in which electrons
are gained, lost or shared in a chemical reaction

Answer 2

REDOX REACTION

Question 3

the loss of electrons by a molecule, atom or ion

Answer 3

OXIDATION

Question 4

the gain of electrons by a molecule, atom or an
ion

Answer 4

REDUCTION

Question 5

Special molecules that cells use to carry electrons (often in
H atoms)

Answer 5

NADH AND FADH

Question 6

Two important carriers (energy)

Answer 6

NADH and FADH

Question 7

BASIC METABOLIC REACTION

Answer 7

• Exergonic – produce more energy than they can consume
• Endergonic – consume more energy than they can
  produce

Question 8

Phase where the simple substances are synthesized to
complex materials which makes up the living tissue

Answer 8

ANABOLISM

Question 9

Involves dehydration synthesis

Answer 9

ANABOLISM

Question 10

Phase where there is a breakdown of complex molecules
into simple material, with the resulting occurrence of
release of energy

Answer 10

catabolism

Question 11

• Organisms catabolize carbohydrates as the primary energy
  source for anabolic reactions via

Answer 11

cellular respiration

Question 12

• The process of converting nutrients into ATP.

Answer 12

cellular respiration

Question 13

• Molecules are being oxidize and the final electron acceptor
  will be in the form of inorganic molecule or oxygen

Answer 13

cellular respiraiton

Question 14

Results in complete breakdown of glucose to carbon
dioxide, water and a lot of ATP

Answer 14

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Question 15

4 steps are involved of aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 15

o Glycolysis
o Synthesis of acetyl-COA
o Krebs cycle
o Electron transport chain

Question 16

glycolysis is based on

Answer 16

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway

Question 17

2 stages of glycolysis

Answer 17

o Energy investing stage
▪ Needs 2 ATP to breakdown the glucose
into Glu-6-P down to Fru-1,6-bP
o Energy conserving stage
▪ From Fru-1,6-bP, it will produce DHAP
and GAP, and they will produce 2 Pyruvic
acid (1 each)
▪ It will produce 4 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 18

net gain of glycolysis

Answer 18

Net Gain: 2 NADH and 2 ATP (4-2 kase 2 yung ginamit na
ATP sa 1st stage)

Question 19

where does glycolysis take place in

Answer 19

cytoplasm

Question 20

produces important intermediate pentoses used in the
synthesis of nucleic acids, glucose from carbon dioxide in
photosynthesis and certain amino acids.

Answer 20

pentose phosphate pathway

Question 21

net gain of pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 21

Yields a net gain of only 1 ATP plus 12 NADPH for each
molecule of glucose oxidized

Question 22

net gain of entner- duodoroff pathway

Answer 22

• Produces 2 NADPH and 1 ATP for each molecule of glucose

Question 23

• Bacteria that have enzymes for this pathway can metabolize
  glucose without either glycolysis or the PPP
• Found in some gram-negative bacteria and none in gram
  positive bacteria

Answer 23

entner-duodoroff pathway

Question 24

synthesis of acetyl coa net gain

Answer 24

Produces 1 𝐶𝑂2, 1 NADH, 1 CoA per 1 Pyruvic Acid (so bale
x2 mo sila since 2 Pyr yung naproduce during glycolysis)

Question 25

kreb cycle net gain

Answer 25

s 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 GDP and 2 𝐶𝑂2 (x2 ulit kase 2 CoA yung naproduce natin dun sa synthesis of CoA)

Question 26

kreb cycle electron carrier of kreb cycle

Answer 26

FADH and NADH

Question 27

Most of the ATP made inn cellular respiration come from the stepwise release of energy through a series of redox reactions between molecules known as the

Answer 27

electron transport chain

Question 28

where does etc occur

Answer 28

Most occur in a membrane. The ETC is located in cristae of mitochondria in eukaryotes. in prokaryotes, ETC happens in plasma membrane

Question 29

etc net gain

Answer 29

* 1 NADH = 3ATP, 1 FADH = 2ATP

Question 30

carrier molecules

Answer 30

o Flavoproteins o Cytochromes o Ubiquinone or CoQ

Question 31

Utilizes glycolysis, synthesis of acetyl-CoA, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain; results in complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide, water and energy

Answer 31

aerobic cellular respiration

Question 32

which makes more atp

Answer 32

anaerobic cellular respiration

Question 33

alternative system that allows glycolysis to continue without the other steps of respiration

Answer 33

fermentation

Question 34

net gain of fermentation

Answer 34

2 atp

Question 35

The carbon atoms required to synthesize glucose are derived from the intermediated produced during glycolysis and the Krebs’s cycle and from lipids or amino acids

Answer 35

polysaccharide biosynthesis is

Question 36

* Cells synthesize fats by joining glycerol and fatty acids * They glycerol portion is derived from dihydroxyacetone phosphate (glycolysis intermediate)

Answer 36

lipid biosynthesis

Question 37

* Complete set of genes

Answer 37

genome size

Question 38

genome size

Answer 38

* In general, free-living bacteria have longer genomes and more genes than bacteria that are obligate parasites * Bacteria thriving inside a human has a shorter genome

Question 39

he genetic composition of the organism

Answer 39

genotype

Question 40

when DNA is passed from mother to offspring cell, this is what happened in nature the vast majority of the time.

Answer 40

vertical gene transfer

Question 41

HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER

Answer 41

transduction, transformation and conjugation

Question 42

Uses bacterial viruses called bacteriophages, to transfer from 1 infected cell to another

Answer 42

transduction

Question 43

It is the ability of some cells to take up free floating DNA found in the environment,

Answer 43

transformation

Question 44

Allows for the transfer of DNA through a structure called a pilus from one cell to another

Answer 44

conjugation

Question 45

This is done by copying the plasmid and sending the strand of copied DNA to the recipient through the conjugation pilus

Answer 45

plasmid transfer

Question 46

two live bacterial cells must come into direct contact with one another.

Answer 46

conjugation

Question 47

final result of plasmid transfer

Answer 47

The final result is a copy of the plasmid in both the donor and the recipient cell

Question 48

hollow, pipe-like structure that connects the cytoplasm of the donor cell to the cytoplasm of the recipient cell.

Answer 48

conjugation pilus

Question 49

Only a portion of the chromosome is transferred before the conjugation pilus is detached

Answer 49

chromosme transfer

Question 50

is the ability of some cells (competent cells; more on gram positive) to take up free floating DNA found in the environment (DNA contents from the destroyed bacteria)

Answer 50

transformation

Question 51

The DNA either has to be incorporated into the host cell DNA chromosome (via genetic recombination: mix and match to the genes of bacteria) or it ends up being degraded

Answer 51

transformation

Question 52

* Types of Bacteriophages:

Answer 52

virulent and temperate

Question 53

Uses the bacterium as a viral synthesis factory

Answer 53

virulent bacteriophage

Question 54

▪ They break down the bacterial cell machinery to produce more phages ▪ Progeny phages are released from the bacterium as the cell lyse

Answer 54

virlent bacteriophage

Question 55

▪ Phage genome may integrate into the bacterial chromosome as a prophage ▪ Bacteria that contain a prophage are said to be lysogenic for that phage.

Answer 55

temperate bacteriophage

Question 56

* During this process, the bacteriophage chops up the host chromosome into many small fragments. * When the baby bacteriophage are being assembled, some of these host DNA chunks can accidentally be packed into the new viral particles * They are then carried to a new host cell, where they are injected and can cause genetic recombination.

Answer 56

Generalized Transduction

Question 57

The viral DNA goes dormant by incorporating itself into the bacterial DNA chromosome

Answer 57

specialize dtransduction