Wk 1 Infant Growth and Development Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of growth?
A
Increase in physical size, measured in kg, lb, etc.
2
Q
What is the definition of development?
A
Continuous, orderly series of conditions that lead to activities, new motives for activities, and eventual patterns of behavior.
3
Q
How is development measured?
A
By observation
4
Q
Chronological age is an example of __.
A
growth
5
Q
Developmental age is an example of __.
A
development
6
Q
Developmental level and chronological age are not always…
A
the same
7
Q
When a child learns to gain control of their body, they will gain control of what first?
A
their head
8
Q
Patterns of growth and development are __
A
predictable
9
Q
You should not compare children because…
A
every child is individual
10
Q
When we talk about developmental milestones, we talk about the…
A
upper end of those milestones
11
Q
Most children will learn how to walk around what age?
A
12 months
12
Q
What is the milestone that nurses learn for all children learning how to walk?
A
15 months
13
Q
If a child is not rolling over by __ months of age, we would be concerned
A
6 months
14
Q
Why do we learn the upper end of milestones?
A
So we know when to be concerned if a child has not met that milestone yet.
15
Q
Patterns of growth and development are __.
A
universal
16
Q
What does cephalocaudal mean?
A
Head develops first
17
Q
What does proximodistal mean?
A
Babies gain control of their center before extremities (proximal to distal)
18
Q
What is a good example of proximodistal?
A
Children will hold a still elbow when first learning to write
19
Q
What does differentiation mean?
A
Children learn gross motor skills before fine motor skills
20
Q
What are the three directional trends that children learn in?
A
Chephalocaudal
Proximodistal
Differentiation
21
Q
What is a good example of differentiation?
A
Infants will try to pick things up with all of their fingers instead of their thumb and pointy finger because they can’t differentiate their fingers
22
Q
What are three sequential trends of development?
A
Stages
Critical periods
Positive and negative stimuli
23
Q
What are critical periods of development?
A
A period in time where a child will need to develop something that could effect them the rest of their life
24
Q
What is an example of a critical period of development?
A
Kitten has one eye taped shut and when taken off it won’t be able to see through that eye because it missed the critical period of development
25
List 5 factors that influence growth and development
```
Genetics
Nutrition
Prenatal and environmental factors
Family and community
Cultural factors
```
26
What is an example of family and community factors?
Grandparents that are an active part of children's lives
27
What is an example of an environmental factor?
Children who go to daycare are exposed to other people and different ways of learning
28
What are the 5 stages of development?
```
Prenatal
Infancy
Early childhood
Middle School
Late childhood
```
29
What are the three stages of the prenatal period?
Germinal
Embryonic
Fetal
30
Conception up to 2 weeks is the...
germinal stage of the prenatal period
31
2 weeks up to 8 weeks is the...
embryonic stage of the prenatal period
32
8 weeks to 40 weeks (or birth) is the...
fetal stage of the prenatal period
33
What are the two stages of the infancy stage of development?
Neonatal
| Infancy
34
Birth up to 28 days is the...
neonatal stage of infancy
35
1-12 months is the...
infancy stage of infancy
36
What are the two stages of early childhood?
Toddler
| Preschooler
37
Ages 1-3 years is the...
toddler stage of early childhood
38
Ages 3-6 years is the...
Preschooler stage of early childhood
39
School age years from 6-12 years represents the...
Middle childhood
40
What ages represents the start of adolescence?
13 years
41
What are the two stages of late childhood?
Prepubertal
| Adolescence
42
What ages make up the prepubertal stage of late childhood?
10-12 years
43
What ages make up adolescence stage of late childhood?
13-18 years
44
What are the names of three scientists who developed the theories of development?
Erikson
Piaget
Kohlberg
45
Erik Erikson was a pyschoanalyst who developed...
Psychosocial theories of emotional development
46
"You must master the first stage before moving on to the next stage"
Erik Erikson
47
Erikson's infancy stage
Trust vs mistrust
48
Erikson's toddler stage
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
49
Erikson's preschooler stage
Initiative vs guilt
50
Erikson's school ager stage
Industry vs inferiority
51
Erikson's adolescence stage
Identity vs role confusion
52
Jean Piaget studied...
cognitive thinking/ability
53
The sensorimotor stage of Piaget lasts until...
infancy - age 2
54
What ages do the preoperation stage cover?
Ages 2-6
55
What ages do the operation stage cover?
School agers
56
What ages do the formal operation stage of Piaget cover?
Adolescence
57
What are the four stages of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor
Preoperation
Operation
Formal operation
58
Kohlberg helps us to understand how a child develops...
moral reasoning
59
What are the three stages of Kohlberg's theory?
Preconventional
Conventional Morality
Post conventional reality
60
What is anticipatory guidance?
Predicting what the child will do next/what their response will be and helping to prepare the parent for that
61
Three things anticipatory guidance helps with
Teach parents
Catching patients who are falling behind
Plan of care
62
When a child is first born we expect them to lose up to...
10% of their birth weight
63
After birth, how much weight do newborns put on?
About an ounce a day until 6 months of age
64
Birth weight will double by...
6 months of age
65
Birth weight will triple by...
1 year
66
After birth, how much height does a newborn put on?
About an inch per month until 6 months of age
67
After 6 months, how much height does a newborn put on?
About half an inch per month
68
How much does an infants height increase by 1 year of age?
About 50%
69
How fast does the head grow after birth and why?
About half an inch per month because of brain development
70
What is the soft spot on a baby's head called?
Fontanel
71
What is the definition of a fontanel?
Space between the bones of the skull of an infant where ossification is not complete
72
How many fontanels are babies born with?
2
73
Where are the fontanels of a baby located?
Anterior (on top), posterior (at base of skull)
74
Fontanels on a baby can be used to assess...
Hydration
| Intracranial pressure
75
When does the posterior fontanel close?
6-8 weeks of age
76
When does the anterior fontanel close?
Between 12-18 months
77
A baby should be back to baseline birth weight at...
2 weeks
78
What are 4 reasons that a baby loses 5-10% of it's weight after birth?
Withdrawal of hormones from mother
Loss of excess extracellular fluid
Passage of feces and urine
Limited food intake
79
What is meconium?
The first feces or stool of the newborn
80
How big is a newborn's stomach at day 1?
Size of a cherry, 5-7 mls
81
How big is a newborn's stomach at day 3?
Size of a walnut, 22-27 mls
82
How big is a newborn's stomach at one week?
Size of an apricot, 45-60 mls
83
How big is a newborn's stomach at one month?
Size of a large egg, 80-150 mls
84
Newborns breath very __
fast
85
Newborns heart rate slows...
paradoxical pattern, increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration
86
Newborn blood pressure is typically __
low
87
Newborns don't have normal RBCs. Fetal hemoglobin is present for...
first five months
88
Fetal hemoglobin has a __ lifespan than normal RBCs
shorter
89
Fetal hemoglobin carries __ oxygen than normal RBCs
more
90
Maternal iron stores diminish at...
5-6 months
91
Newborn digestive system is immature and the enzymes don't start to work until what age?
3 months of age, work best at 6 months of age
92
What is a reason that we wait to feed newborns solid food until 6 months of age?
Amylase and lipase not fully functioning until 6 months of age
93
Infants are prone to dehydration because...?
Total body fluid shift occurs from 75% water, primarily in extracellular fluid
94
When does the ability to shiver develop?
First few months
95
What is the saying concerning thermoregulation and infants?
"Infants will either spend their energy heating themselves up or growing"
96
When does the ability to adjust to cold develop?
6 months
97
What is the vision growth for birth to one month?
8 to 10 inches away, and can follow objects to midline, and prefer black and white images
98
What is the vision growth for 2 months?
lift and look
99
When can a baby follow an object across the midline?
4 months
100
What is the vision growth for 3 months?
Interested in faces, ocular movements coordinated, begins to associate visual stimuli and event
101
What is the vision growth for 4 months?
hand regard, follows past midline, recognizes familiar objects, follows parents
102
What does hand regard mean?
Baby will gain awareness of their hand and put it on their face
103
What is the vision growth for 6 months?
Directed reach (baby will reach for familiar objects), depth perception
104
What is the vision growth for 10 months?
Object permanence
105
When can babies transfer objects from hand to hand?
7 months
106
Who came up with object permanence?
Jean Piaget
107
Hearing: At 3-6 months, babies can...
Localize sounds and begin to understand a few words
108
Hearing: Before 3 months, a baby can...
Discriminate mother's voice or a comforting sound
109
When do babies start to say a meaningful word?
6-12 months
110
What age to babies hear and follow a simple command?
12 months
111
What age do babies get their first set of teeth?
5-6 months
112
When babies first teeth are coming in, it can be accompanied by...
Low grade fever, fussy, gums swollen
| all normal
113
A babies teeth come in from...
front to back
114
What taste is resisted by babies?
Sour and bitter
115
What taste is accepted by babies?
Sweet
116
What do a baby's reflexes do?
Carry out bodily functions and respond to external stimuli
117
Head control: At 1 month of age a baby will have...
head lag
118
Head control: At 3 months of age, a baby can...
hold their head up
119
Head control: By 4-6 months of age, a baby has...
well established head control
120
By __ months of age, a baby should have no head lag
6 months
121
When can a baby lift their weight and support with arms?
4 months
122
When is a baby able to roll?
5-6 months
123
What sequence does a baby first roll?
Belly to back and then back to belly
124
What is tummy time?
Placing the baby on their belly and having them lift up. Helps them develop control of their head and neck, and muscles
125
When can infants sit with support?
6 months of age
126
When can infants sit alone leaning forward with their hands to support?
7 months
127
By what age can infants sit unsupported?
8 months
128
When can infants go into a sitting position from prone or supine?
10 months
129
What age will infants roll over?
4-6 months
130
When children roll over, what will they often do first?
Push themselves backwards
131
By 8-10 months, a baby can crawl with...
Their belly touching the ground
132
When are babies able to crawl with their bellies off the ground? (creeping)
11 months
133
What age can infants bear all of their weight on their legs?
6-7 months
134
By what age are babies able to pull up on things?
9 months
135
What is cruising?
When a baby holds on to something and takes steps
136
What age can a baby walk well while one hand is held?
12 months
137
What age is the walking milestone?
15 months
138
Why are walkers not recommended?
Safety hazard, puts hips in wrong position and they can develop the wrong leg muscles
139
What is recommended instead of walkers?
Push toys
140
When do babies voluntarily try to grasp things?
3 months of age
141
When does a baby hold a bottle and grasp feet?
6 months
142
When does a pincer grasp develop?
8-9 months
143
When is a pincer grasp refined?
11-12 months
144
What helps a baby develop a pincer grasp?
Finger foods
145
Motor development: 2 months
Holds head erect in mid position
| Turn from side to back
146
Motor development: 3 months
Hold head erect and steady
Open or close hand loosely
Hold object, put in hand
147
When does a baby start to imitate others? Like waving
7 months
148
When should a baby have object permanence?
10 months
149
The birth-12 months of age stage was called what by Kohlberg?
Preconventional Morality - obedience and punishment orientation
150
How do children in Kohlberg's preconventional morality stage view right and wrong?
External to themselves. They view it as something adults tell them they can and cannot do
151
The birth-12 months of age stage is called what by Erikson?
Trust vs mistrust
152
Erikson says during the trust vs mistrust stage, the caregiver must be...
in sync with the infant
153
Erikson: When can infants tolerate frustration?
About 5 or 6 months of age
154
Erikson says that because infants are dependent on their caregivers, this plays an important role in...
the shaping of the child's personality
155
The birth-12 months stage is called what by Piaget?
Sensorimotor
156
What is the sensorimotor stage of Piaget? (5)
Progression from simple reflexes to repetitive acts
Learns they are separate from others
Object permanence
Begin to use symbols
Intelligence takes the form of motor actions
157
Piaget: primary circular reactions
Infant doesn't know they are separate from their environment (1-4 months)
158
Piaget: secondary circular reactions
Infants learns they are separate. For example, if they kick something it moves (4-8 months)
159
Piaget: coordination of secondary
Actions are intentional, object permanence (9-12 months)
160
Piaget says you can assess a baby's cognitive development by...
Looking at their motor development
161
When does sexuality begin?
At birth from parental feedback
162
What does attachment depend on?
Infant's ability to discriminate the mother from others and object permanence
163
Parent-infant attachment is critical to __ __
mental health
164
What age do we first see a social smile?
6-8 weeks
165
What are the three stages an infant will go through if a caregiver leaves them?
Protest
Despair
Detachment
166
What can happen if a primary caregiver is away for a certain amount of time?
Reactive attachment disorder
167
What are characteristics of reactive attachment disorder?
Refuse eye contact
Poor impulse control
Destructive to self and others
168
How can a nurse prevent reactive attachment disorder?
Warm, responsive, interactive with infant during separation
169
What age does stranger fear set in?
6-7 months of age
170
If there is a child that will go to just anyone, what might you think?
Maybe the parent and child have not bonded well
171
When does separation anxiety happen?
About 9-10 months
172
When is sight fully developed?
6 years of age
173
4 things that can stress an infant
Loss of caregivers
Loud noises
Lights
Sudden movement
174
At 12 months a baby should be able to say...
mama and dada, plus 3-5 words
175
Speech red flag
Unable to say recognizable words at 2 years of age
176
Motor red flags
Unable to walk alone by 18 months
Abnormal pincer grasp by 15 months
Unable to transfer objects from hand to hand by 1 yr
Unable to sit alone at 9 months
177
When should you start disciplining a child?
6-18 months
178
What does initial disciplining entail?
Stern no or gestures, removing them from unsafe situations
