wk 2 pretest

Question 1

consists of the biochemical reactions bacteria
use to break down organic compounds
(catabolism) and the reactions they use to
synthesize new molecules (anabolism) from
smaller subunits.

Answer 1

Microbial metabolism

Question 2

Energy for anabolism is
- generated during t

Answer 2

he catabolism of a
substrate.

Question 3

The occurrence of all biochemical reactions in
the cell depends on t

Answer 3

he presence and activity
of enzymes.

Question 4

metabolism can be
regulated in the cell by r

Answer 4

regulation of the
production of an enzyme itself induced or
suppressed by molecules present in the cell)
or by regulation of the activity of the enzyme
(via feedback inhibition).

Question 5

determines the end
product and the resulting pH of the medium

Answer 5

the biological patheay for catabolism

Question 6

Microbiologists use these metabolic
differences as

Answer 6

phenotypic markers in the
identification of bacteria.

Question 7

Diagnostic schemes analyze each unknown
microorganism for

Answer 7

(1) utilization of various substrates as
a carbon source,
(2) production of specific end products
from various substrates, and
(3) production of an acid or alkaline in
the test medium

Question 8

Bacteria use biochemical pathways to

Answer 8

catabolize carbohydrates and produce energy

Question 9

what is fermentation and whatcarriesit out

Answer 9

an anaerobic process carried
out by obligate, facultative, and aerotolerant
anaerobes

Question 10

mechanism used to produce energy

Answer 10

fermentation and aerobic res[piration

Question 11

Allows growth in the absence of atmospheric
oxygen

Answer 11

FERMENTATION

Question 12

it generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(NAD)rmentation generates

Answer 12

emp glycolytic pathway

Question 13

molecule necessary for maintaining
the Krebs cycle

Answer 13

nad

Question 14

use of endproducts of fermentation

Answer 14

identification of anaerobic anaesthesia

Question 15

End-product determination is also
used in what test

Answer 15

voges-Proskauer (VP) and methyl
red tests, two important tests used in the
identification of members of the order
Enterobacterales.

Question 16

less efficient in energy
generation than respiration because the
beginning substrate is not completely
reduced; therefore all of the energy in the
substrate is not released.

Answer 16

fermentation

Question 17

efficient energy-generating process in
which molecular oxygen (O,) is the final
electron acceptor.

Answer 17

Aerobic respiration (oxidation)

Question 18

anaerobic respiration in which molecules
other than ????????? , act as the final electron
acceptors.

Answer 18

anaerobic respiration in which molecules
other than molecular oxygen, such as nitrate
and sulfate, act as the final electron
acceptors.

Question 19

which is more energy yielding anaerobic or aerobic respiration

Answer 19

anaerobi8c respiration is less

Question 20

The starting carbohydrate for bacterial
fermentation or oxidation is

Answer 20

.glucose

Question 21

The three major biochemical pathways
bacteria use to break down glucose to pyruvic
acid are

Answer 21

1. Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas(EMP)
   glycolytic pathway
2. pathway phosphate pentose
   PATHWAY
3. Entner-Doudoroff pathway

Question 22

EMP glycolytic pathway

Answer 22

. Major pathway in conversion of glucose to pyruvate
. Generates reducing power in the form of NADH,
. Generates energy in the form of ATP
· Anaerobic; does not require oxygen
. Used by many bacteria, including all members of the order
Enterobacterales

Question 23

pentose phosphate (phospogluconate) pathway

Answer 23

. Alternative to EMP pathway for carbohydrate metabolism
· Conversion of glucose to ribulose-5-phosphate, which is rear-
ranged into other 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-carbon sugars
. Provides pentoses for nucleotide synthesis
· Produces glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which can be converted
to pyruvate

Question 24

entner duodoroff pathway

Answer 24

. Converts glucose-6-phosphate (rather than glucose) to pyruvate
and glyceraldehyde phosphate, which can be funneled into
other pathways
. Generates one NADPH per molecule of glucose, but uses one
ATP

Question 25

a key metabolic intermediate.

Answer 25

pyruvic acid

Question 26

Alcoholic fermentation end product

Answer 26

ethanol.

Question 27

Homolactic fermentation

Answer 27

lactic acid.

Question 28

Heterolactic fermentation end product

Answer 28

which, in addition to lactic acid, the end products include carbon dioxide, alcohols, formic acid, and acetic acid.

Question 29

Propionic acid fermentation end product

Answer 29

Propionic acid

Question 30

mixed acid fermentation end product

Answer 30

lactic, acetic, succinic, and formic.

Question 31

used by yeasts when they ferment glucos

Answer 31

alcoholic fermentation

Question 32

Members of the genus Streptococcus and many members of the genus Lactobacillus ferment pyruvate using this pathway

Answer 32

homoalactic fermentation is

Question 33

Some lactobacilli use a mixed fermentation pathway

Answer 33

heterolactic fermentation

Question 34

fermentation carried out by Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacteri um acnes) and some anaerobic non-spore-form ing, gram-positive bacilli.

Answer 34

Propionic acid fermentation

Question 35

Members of the genera Escherichia,Sa lmonella, and Shigella within 2 the order Enterobacteral es use this pathway for carbohydrate fermentation and produce a numbe of acids

Answer 35

mixed acid fermentation

Question 36

The strong acid produced is the basis for the positive reaction on the methyl red test exhibited by these organisms and the acidic pH on laboratory media

Answer 36

mixed acid fermentation

Question 37

Members of the genera Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia within the order Enterobacteral es use this pathway for carbohydrate fermentation.

Answer 37

butanediol fermentation

Question 38

butanediol fermentation

Answer 38

acetoin (acetyl methyl carbinol)and 2,3-butanediol.

Question 39

Butyric acid fermentation :

Answer 39

butyric acid, acetic acid, carbon dioxide,hy drogen.

Question 40

Fermentation used hy certain obligate anaerobes, including many Clostridium, Fusobacterium and Eubacterium

Answer 40

butyric acid fermentation

Question 41

The most important pathway for the complete oxidation of a substrate is the

Answer 41

kreb cycle oxidation or tricarboxylic acid cycle.

Question 42

kreb cycle result

Answer 42

cycle results in the production of acid and evolution of carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration

Question 43

is an important step in classifying members of the order Enterobacterales.

Answer 43

The microorganism's ability to ferment lactose

Question 44

These bacteria are classified as either lactose fermenters or nonlactose fermenters.

Answer 44

Enterobacterales

Question 45

Enterobacterales ARE CLASSIFIED AS

Answer 45

These bacteria are classified as either lactose fermenters or nonlactose fermenters.

Question 46

disaccharide consisting of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose linked by a galactoside bond

Answer 46

LACTOSE

Question 47

● Steps in utilizing lactose

Answer 47

1. Enzyme b-galactosidase permease transport of lactose from cell wall to cytoplasm 2. Happens inside the cell. B-galactosidase to break galactoside bond, releasing glucose which can then be fermented

Question 48

DNA was first discovered by

Answer 48

Frederick Miescher in 1869.

Question 49

discovered that DNA contained phosphates, five-carbon sugars (cyclic pentose), and nitrogen-containing bases.

Answer 49

Phoebus A. T. Levine, 1920`

Question 50

discovered the helical structure by x-ray crystallograph

Answer 50

ROSALIND FRANKLIN

Question 51

described the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule in 1950s

Answer 51

James Watson and Francis Crick,

Question 52

DNA is a double-helical chain of deoxynucleotides. Its helix is a double strand twisted together also called

Answer 52

spiral staircase

Question 53

A nucleotide is a complex combination of the following

Answer 53

○ A phosphate group (PO4) ○ cyclic five-carbon pentose sugar, the handrails and sides ○ Anitrogen-containing base, or the "steps," either a purine or pyrimidine

Question 54

● A ____ consists of a fused ring of nine carbon atoms and nitrogen

Answer 54

PURINE● A purine consists of a fused ring of nine carbon atoms and nitrogen

Question 55

2 PURINE IN DNA

Answer 55

● A purine consists of a fused ring of nine carbon atoms and nitrogen ● 2 purines in DNA: Adenine and Guanine

Question 56

Single ring of six atoms of carbon and nitrogen

Answer 56

PYRIMIDINE

Question 57

● 2 pyrimidines in DNA:

Answer 57

Cytosine and Thymine

Question 58

A ___ is formed when the 5’carbon of the sugar and one of the nitrogenous bases attaches to 1’ carbon of pentose sugar

Answer 58

A nucleotide is formed when the 5’carbon of the sugar and one of the nitrogenous bases attaches to 1’ carbon of pentose sugar

Question 59

used as a template to produce the complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) strand.

Answer 59

dna

Question 60

is a means of amplifying specific DNA sequences and detecting very small numbers of bacteria present in specimen

Answer 60

PCR technique

Question 61

circumvent the need to culture bacteria, providing a more rapid method of identifying pathogens

Answer 61

genetic test

Question 62

An understanding of microbial genetics is also necessary to

Answer 62

understand the development and transfer of anti-microbial resistance by bacteria and mutations in viruses

Question 63

Genes that are always expressed are .

Answer 63

constitutive

Question 64

expressed only under certain condition

Answer 64

silent genes,

Question 65

Genes that are expressed only under certain conditions are

Answer 65

inducible

Question 66

The aim of a cell is to

Answer 66

produce proteins that are needed for cellular structure and function and to transmit that information for accomplishing this to the next generation of cells

Question 67

is the duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion into a daughter cell.

Answer 67

Replication

Question 68

is the synthesis of a specific protein from the mRNA code

Answer 68

translation

Question 69

The bacterial chromosome, also called the ________, consist of a single, closed, circular piece of _______ that is super coiled to fit inside the cell.

Answer 69

dsDNA

Question 70

contains all of the information needed for cell growth and replication.

Answer 70

dsdna

Question 71

n front of each gene on the DNA strand is an untranscribed area containing a ______ which the RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to for transcription initiation

Answer 71

promoter region

Question 72

area may also contain regulatory regions to which molecules may attach and cause either a decrease or an increase in transcription.

Answer 72

promoter region

Question 73

The number of plasmids present in a bacterial cell may range from

Answer 73

one (low copy number) to hundreds (high copy number).

Question 74

plasmids also may sometimes be passed from one bacterial cell to another through

Answer 74

conjugation

Question 75

Some fragments of DNA are mobile and can jump from one place in the chromosome to another place

Answer 75

mobile genetic elements

Question 76

The simplest mobile piece of DNA is an

Answer 76

insertion sequence (IS) element

Question 77

approximately 1000 base pairs long with inverted repeats on each end.

Answer 77

insertion sequence (IS) element.

Question 78

The main effect of IS elements in bacteria

Answer 78

when an IS element inserts itself into the middle of a gene, it disrupts and inactivates the gene. This action can result in loss of an observable characteristic, such as the ability to ferment a particular sugar.

Question 79

are related mobile elements that contain additional genes.

Answer 79

transposons

Question 80

often carry drug-resistance genes and are usually located in plasmids

Answer 80

Transposons

Question 81

may be the result of a change in one nucleotide base (a point mutation) that leads to a change in a single amino acid within a protein (missense mutation) or may be the result of insertions or deletions in the genome that lead to disruption of the gene or a frameshift mutation, or both.

Answer 81

mutation

Question 82

change in one nucleotide base (a

Answer 82

point mutation)

Question 83

change in a single amino acid within a protein

Answer 83

(missense ● mutation

Question 84

he result of insertions or deletions in the genome that lead to disruption of the gene or a ______- or both.

Answer 84

frameshift mutation,

Question 85

Some codons do not code for an amino acid; they terminate translation and are called .

Answer 85

stop codons

Question 86

If a point mutation produces a stop codon,

Answer 86

this is referred to as a nonsense mutation.

Question 87

method by which genes are transferred or exchanged between homologous (similar) regions on two DNA molecules, forming new combinations of genes on a chromosome.

Answer 87

genetic recombination

Question 88

This provides a way for organisms to obtain new combinations of biochemical pathways and adapt to changes in their environment

Answer 88

mutations

Question 89

uptake and incorporation of free or naked DNA into a bacterial cell

Answer 89

transformation

Question 90

Cells that can take up naked DNA are referred to as being .

Answer 90

competent

Question 91

not an efficient process and has been reported to occur naturally in only a few bacterial species,such as S. pneumoniae, N. gonorrhoeae, Helicobacter pylori, and H. influenza

Answer 91

transformation

Question 92

main method used to introduce genetically manipulated plasmids into bacteria, such as E. coli, during cloning procedures.

Answer 92

transformation

Question 93

transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage from one cell to another

Answer 93

transduction

Question 94

A _____consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coa

Answer 94

A bacteriophage consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coa

Question 95

the phage DNA instead becomes incorporated into the bacterial genome, where it is replicated along with the bacterial chromosomal DNA when the cell divides. This state is known as ___________, while the phage is called ___________

Answer 95

the phage DNA instead becomes incorporated into the bacterial genome, where it is replicated along with the bacterial chromosomal DNA when the cell divides. This state is known as lysogeny, while the phage is called temperate

Question 96

s are often used to insert cloned genes into bacteria for analysis.

Answer 96

phages

Question 97

● transfer of genetic material from a donor

Answer 97

conjugation

Question 98

bacterial strain to a recipient strain. Close contact is required between the two cell

Answer 98

conjugatiopn

Question 99

hollow tube that connects to the recipient cell

Answer 99

sex pillus

Question 100

When the F factor is integrated into the bacterial chromosome, it increases the likelihood of transferring nearby chromosomal genes, creating

Answer 100

high-frequency recombination (Hfr) strains.

Question 101

The first three letters in the restriction endonuclease name indicate

Answer 101

the bacterial source of the enzyme

Question 102

These enzymes are used in the field of biotechnology to create sites for insertion of new genes.

Answer 102

Restriction enzyme

Question 105

Pathway used by many bacteria inckuding all members of the order enterobacterales

Answer 105

Emp

Question 106

Pathway used by hterolacric bacteria which lack someenzume required for emp and its example

Answer 106

Pentose phosphate. Brucella abortus and lactobacillus

Question 107

Process used by bacteria lacking certain gycolytic enzyme and its example

Answer 107

Entner duodoroff pathway. Pseudmonas, alcaligenes, enterococcus fecalis