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HUBS1403 2025 > Wk 3- Cellular Structure and Function > Flashcards

Wk 3- Cellular Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a body cavity?

A

A fluid-filled compartment containing organs

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2
Q

What are the 4 body cavities?

A

-Cranial cavity
-Thoracic cavity (Pleural sac + pericardial sac)
-Abdominal cavity
-Pelvic cavity

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3
Q

What do body fluid compartments do?

A

Separate different fluids of different compositions

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4
Q

What are cells?

A

The building block of living things that perform all vital functions

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5
Q

How many cells are in the human body?

A

About 34 trillion

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6
Q

What are the 2 categories of cells?

A

-Gametes: Sperm and oocytes
-Somatic cells: Body cells

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7
Q

What are the 3 main components of a cell?

A

-Cell membrane
-Nucleus
-Cytoplasm

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8
Q

What are the 4 components of the cytoplasm?

A

-Cytosol
-Organelles
-Inclusions (lipid droplets, glycogen granules, ribosomes)
-Protein fibres (cytoskeleton, centrioles, cilia, flagella)

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9
Q

What are the 2 classes of membrane proteins?

A

-Integral
-Peripheral

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10
Q

What are integral proteins?

A

-Part of the cell membrane
-May span width of several membranes (transmembrane proteins)
-More common

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11
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

-Bound on inner or outer surface of membrane
-Easily removed

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12
Q

What are the 6 types of membrane proteins?

A

CIRCLE
-Carrier proteins
-Ion channels
-Receptors
-Cell identity marker
-Linker proteins
-Enzymes

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13
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

-Integral
-Transport substances by changing shape

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14
Q

What are ion channels?

A

-Integral
-Form a pore through which certain ions can pass

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15
Q

What are receptor proteins?

A

-Integral
-Recognise certain ligands that alter functions

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16
Q

What are ligands?

A

Hormones or neurotransmitters

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17
Q

What are cell identity markers?

A

-Glycoproteins
-Unique identifiers of cells to an organism e.g. MHCs

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18
Q

What are linker proteins?

A

-Integral and peripheral
-Anchor filaments on the inside or outside of the membrane
-May assist movement or link cells

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19
Q

What are enzymes?

A

-Integral and peripheral
-Catalysts
-Active site may face inside or outside of membrane

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20
Q

What percentage of the PM weight do carbs make?

A

3%

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21
Q

What carbs are found on the PM?

A

Components of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids

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22
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

The carbs that protrude out of the PM

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23
Q

What are the functions of the PM?

A

-Physical isolation: Separates fluids and maintains homeostasis
-Regulation of exchange: Controls ion, nutrients, waste, secretions
-Sensitivity: Receptors respond to chemicals
-Structured support: Connections b/n PMs gives tissues stability

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24
Q

What does it mean that the PM is selectively permeable?

A

It only allows some things to pass through based on:
-Size
-Charge
-Shape (hydration spheres change permeability)
-Lipid solubility

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25
How is homeostasis b/n ICF and ECF compartments maintained?
By transport mechanisms and selectively permeable PMs, which keeps compartments: -Electrically different -Chemically different -Same in total concentration of solutes to maintain isotonicity
26
What is the cytoskeleton?
The internal protein framework
27
What does the cytoskeleton do?
Provides shape, structure, strength, flexibility
28
What are the 3 types of proteins in the cytoskeleton?
-Microfilaments -Intermediate filaments -Microtubules
29
What are microfilaments made of?
Actin and myosin
30
What are the functions of microfilaments?
Located around the inside of the PM for: -Mechanical support: Anchoring cytoplasm to integral proteins. determines cytoplasm consistency -Movement: Allows muscle contractions, cell division, movement
31
What are the functions of intermediate filaments?
Located in cytoplasm for: -Strength and shape -Stabilise position of organelles -Stabilise position of cell by attachment to PM
32
What are microtubules?
Hollow tubes of circles of tubulin. Originate at centrosome
33
What are the functions of microtubules?
-Cell shape -Move organelles e.g. chromosomes, flagella, cilia
34
What is the centrosome?
The granular matrix near the nucleus that contains the centrioles
35
What does the centrosome do?
-Organise microtubules -Organise mitotic spindle
36
What are the centrioles?
Arrays of 9 triplets of microtubules
37
What are cilia?
Little hairs that propel mucus e.g. in trachea
38
What are flagella?
Tails that allow movement e.g. on sperm
39
What are cilia and flagella made of?
9 pairs of microtubules
40
What are ribosomes?
-Protein factories -Dense granules about 25nm in diameter
41
What are the 2 ribosomal subunits?
-large -Small
42
What are the 2 types of ribosomes?
-Free ribosomes (in cytoplasm) -Fixed ribosomes (on ER)
43
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
Network of membranes connected to the nuclear envelope
44
What are the 2 types of ER?
-Smooth ER -Rough ER
45
What does the smooth ER do?
-Lipid synthesis -Metabolism of carbs and lipids -Detox -Store and release of Ca2+ -Storage of proteins
46
What does the rough ER do?
Makes, modifies, and packages proteins
47
What is the Golgi complex made of?
3-20 cisternae
48
What are cisternae?
Flattened membrane discs
49
What does the Golgi complex do?
Ship proteins from the ER to the PM
50
What are lysosomes?
Golgi processed vesicles containing digestive enzymes
51
What do lysosomes do?
-Break down large organic molecules, organelles, bacteria -Contain and isolate potentially dangerous reactions
52
What are the 3 functions of lysosomes?
-Primary lysosome fuses w/ membrane of another organelle, breaks it down, some molecules are reabsorbed, and waste is expelled -Primary lysosome fuses w/ endosome from endocytosis, breaks down content, some molecules absorbed, waste expelled -Lysosomal membrane breaks down during autolysis to break down dead or injured cell
53
What do proteasomes do?
Contain proteases that remove or recycle proteins tagged w/ caps, which pass through the cylinder
54
What sort of proteins are recycled by proteasomes?
-Damaged -Denatured -Abnormal
55
What do peroxisomes do?
Contain enzymes from free ribosomes that break down: -FAs to produce free radical H2O2 -H2O2 into H2O + O2
56
What are free radicals?
Atoms that take electrons
57
What do mitochondria do?
Produce energy via aerobic or anaerobic respiration
58
How many mitochondria does a cell have?
Depends on its activity level
59
What are mitochondria made of?
2 membranes + matrix + enzymes -Outer membrane -Inner membrane folded into cristae to increase SA expose to matrix -Enzymes on inner membrane
60
What does mtDNA code for?
-2 rRNAs -22 tRNAs -13 mitochondrial inheritance
61
What is the nucleus?
The large control centre containing DNA
62
What is the structure of the nucleus?
-Double layered nuclear envelope separated by perinuclear space that is connected to the rough ER -Nucleoplasm
63
What does the nucleoplasm contain?
-Nuclear matrix: Network of filaments for structure that may regulate genetic activity -Ions -Enzymes -RNA and DNA free nucleotides -Some RNA -DNA -Nucleoli
64
What are nucleoli?
Temporary nuclear organelles that make rRNA and assemble subunits
65
What is DNA?
The long molecule that stores info for protein synthesis
66
What is a chromosome?
A structure that stores DNA around histone proteins
67
68
What is a gene?
-The hereditary unit -A section of DNA coding for a certain protein
69
What are the 2 categories of membrane transoort?
-Passive -Active
70
What are the 3 passive methods of transport?
-Simple diffusion -Facilitated diffusion -Osmosis
71
What are the 2 active methods of transport?
-Active (primary and secondary) -Vesicular transport
72
What is diffusion?
Molecules are always in motion; they eventually become evenly distributed moving from regions of high to low concentration
73
What is a concentration gradient?
Dif b/n high and low concentrations
74
What factors influence rate of diffusion?
-Distance of diffusion -Molecule size -Temp -Steepness of gradient -Electrical forces
75
What is simple diffusion?
Where substances diffuse freely across lipid membrane
76
What is facilitated diffusion?
Substances pass through transmembrane protein
77
What are the 2 types of facilitated diffusion?
-Channel-mediated -Carrier-mediated
78
What are characteristics of carrier proteins?
-Specific -Experience saturation -Regulated
79
What is osmosis?
Movement of water across membrane by diffusion
80
Is the cell membrane freely permeable to water?
Yes, but not solutes. Thus, total solute concentration must remain the same on both sides to maintain isotonicity
81
What causes changes in osmotic pressure?
When water flows to areas of lower water concentration but higher solute concentration it increases pressure
82
What is tonicity?
How solution surrounding a cell affects its shape
83
What does isotonic mean?
Pressure inside and outside cell are equal
84
What does hypotonic mean?
If solutes are removed from surrounding, water rushes into cell, increasing pressure and causing it to explode
85
What is hemolysis?
Hypotonic explosion of RBCs
86
What does hypertonic mean?
If solutes are added to surroundings, water rushes out of cell, decreasing pressure and it shrivels
87
What is crenation?
Hypertonic shrivelling of RBCs
88
What is primary active transport?
Uses ATP to change shape of transport protein to pump substance against concentration gradient e.g. Na-K pump
89
What is secondary active transport?
Energy from H+ or Na+ concentration gradient is used to pump substance against its concentration gradient
90
Steps in secondary active transport?
1. Antiport proteins pump Na+ creating concentration gradient 2. Symport proteins carry Na+ in along w/ glucose
91
What are the types of vesicular transport?
-Receptor-mediated endocytosis -Phagocytosis -Pinocytosis (bulk phase endocytosis) -Exocytosis -Transcytosis
92
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Cell engulfs large molecules
93
Steps in endocytosis?
1. Receptor detects particle 2. PM engulfs particle and pinches off to take in it in in a vesicle
94
What is phagocytosis?
Endocytosis where antigen is detected and engulfed by phagocyte throwing its cytoplasm (pseudopod) around it. It is then digested
95
What is pinocytosis?
Endocytosis of lots of small molecules dissolved in ECF
96
What is exocytosis?
Secretory vesicles fuse w/ PM to release large molecules
97
What is transcytosis?
Endocytosis + exocytosis to transport molecules across cell

HUBS1403 2025 (9 decks)

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