Wk 3 Part 2: Online Lecture

Question 1

What are 3 qualitative data analysis methods? What 2 are most commonly used in health?

Answer 1

1. Content analysis (i.e., inductive analysis)
2. Thematic analysis
3. Framework analysis

Question 2

What is content analysis?

Answer 2

Form of analysis applied to contents of documents and other written forms of communications to identify concepts and categories.

• Some qualitative content analysis may be accompanied by a frequency count to aid interpretation of the findings.

Question 3

The main issue to consider when performing content analysis is to decide whether the analysis should focus on ____ or ____ content.

Answer 3

manifest; latent

Question 4

What is manifest content?

Answer 4

Analysis of what the text says deals with the content aspect and describes the visible, obvious components of the data

Question 5

What is latent content?

Answer 5

Analysis of what the text talks about deals with the relationship aspect and involves an interpretation of the underlying meaning of the text

Question 6

Both manifest and latent content deal with interpretation but the interpretation varies in _____ and_____.

Answer 6

depth; level of abstraction

Question 7

The main issue to consider when performing content analysis is selecting the______.

Answer 7

unit of analysis

Question 8

The most suitable unit of analysis is typically considered to be whole ____ or _____ .

Answer 8

interview transcripts; observational protocols

Question 9

In content analysis, parts of the text or every word or phrase written in the transcript have been considered to be_____.

Answer 9

units of analysis

Question 10

What are the 6 units of anlysis that are broken in content analysis?

Answer 10

Question 11

What is an example of coding an interview transcript?

Answer 11

Question 12

What is meaning unit?

Answer 12

words, sentences or paragraphs containing aspects related to each other through their content and context

Question 13

What is condensed meaning unit?

Answer 13

shortening the meaning unit while still preserving the core

Question 14

What is a code?

Answer 14

the label of a meaning unit

Question 15

What are sub-categories and categories?

Answer 15

a group of content that shares a commonality, a description of content, an expression of manifest content; answers the question ‘What?’, and can be identified as a thread throughout the codes.

Question 16

What are themes?

Answer 16

something that links the underlying meaning of a group of categories together; answers the question ‘How?’, an expression of the latent content of the text.

Question 17

What are 5 characteristics of framework analysis?

Answer 17

1. Often used in health care for research into policy and practice with predetermined questions and timeframes set by a funding body.
2. Findings may need to be compared with quantitative data in a mixed methodology study (e.g., funding and management of a service)
3. Data analysis is based on informants/participants original accounts and observations
4. Analysis starts deductively (e.g., with à priori codes) but finishes inductively
5. Systematic and transparent for an audience other than the researcher
   
   • A five stage process is followed

Question 18

What are the 5 stage framework approach?

Answer 18

1. Familiarisation (read, re-read, reflect on data)
2. Identifying a thematic framework (including à priori codes)
3. Indexing (coding/annotating; summarise text or label illustrative and interesting quotes; preserve range of codes in each passage)
4. Charting or developing a matrix by case and themes (cut and paste indexed text for each key area/theme into tables or spreadsheets)
5. Mapping and interpreting (define concepts in charts; map range and nature of concepts / phenomena; create typologies; find associations that answer research question)

Question 19

What are 3 characteristics of thematic analysis?

Answer 19

1. Thematic analysis is a method for identifying, analysing and reporting patterns (or themes) within data.
2. At a minimum, it organises and describes your data set in rich detail.
3. Thematic analysis is widely used in health science research.

Question 20

What are the 6 phases of thematic analysis?

Answer 20

1. Familiarising yourself with the data
2. Generating initial codes
3. Searching for themes
4. Reviewing themes
5. Defining and naming themes
6. Producing the report

Question 21

What is phase 1?

Answer 21

Familiarise yourself with the data

Question 22

What are 4 characteristics of phase 1 (familiarise yourself with the data)?

Answer 22

1. Transcribe data
2. Read and re-read data, noting down initial ideas
   
   • immerse yourself in the data!
   • read the data in an active way!
3. Read through the entire data set at least one before you start coding
4. Start taking notes of ideas about what is in the data or marking ideas for coding

Question 23

What is phase 2 in thematic analysis?

Answer 23

Generating initial codes

Question 24

What are 6 characteristics of phase 2 (generating initial codes) in thematic analysis?

Answer 24

1. fashion across the entire data set, collating data relevant to each code
2. You will produce initial codes from the data
3. Codes identify a feature of the data that appears interesting to you as the researcher in relation to your research question
4. Codes are ‘the most basic segment, or element, of the raw data’ and consist of ‘information that can be assessed in a meaningful way regarding the phenomenon’
5. Work systematically through the entire data set line by line giving full and equal attention to each data item.
6. You can code your data by writing notes on the text you are analysing or using highlighters or post-it notes to identify segments of data

Question 25

What are the 5 steps in the coding process?

Answer 25

1. Assign words (or codes) to segments of text 2. Condense data into analysable segments 3. Sort coded text into segments that are similar (categories) 4. Compare and contrast coded segments, looking for patterns 5. Generate analytical concepts (themes)

Question 26

What are 3 types of reasoning during the coding process?

Answer 26

1. **Inductive reasoning** “begins with observation and /or data collection, finds patterns or associations and builds theory or explanations on the basis of evidence” 2. **Deductive reasoning** is “an approach where the researcher draws on a body of theory and knowledge to deduce a hypothesis or proposition that can be tested through empirical research” 3. **Inductive reasoning** is most commonly used in qualitative research, but deductive reasoning may also be used

Question 27

What is phase 3 of thematic analysis?

Answer 27

Searching for themes

Question 28

What are 6 characteristics of phase 3 (searching for themes)?

Answer 28

1. This phase begins when all data has been initially coded and collated, and you have a long list of different codes that you have identified across the data set. 2. This phase refocuses the analysis at the broader level of themes rather than codes. 3. You sort the different codes into potential themes by considering how different codes may combine to form an overarching theme. 4. Visual representation can help you sort the different codes into themes * Tables * Mind maps 5. Consider the relationship between codes, between themes, and between different levels of themes 6. Goal: a collection of candidate themes and sub-themes and all extracts of data have been coded in relation to these themes

Question 29

What is a theme?

Answer 29

A theme is a cluster of linked categories conveying similar meanings * A common thread that runs through the data!

Question 30

What are 3 characteristics of a theme?

Answer 30

During thematic analysis, the researcher identifies themes & patterns in the interviews by listening to tapes and reading transcripts * Immersion in the data and inductive analysis * Themes recur at different points, looking slightly different * Themes reflect “what is this all about?” ideas

Question 31

What is phase 4 of thematic analysis?

Answer 31

Reviewing themes

Question 32

What are 3 characteristics of phase 4 (Reviewing themes)?

Answer 32

1. Begins once you have devised a set of candidate themes, and it involves the refinement of these themes. 2. It is during this phase that: * It will be evident that some candidate themes are not really themes (e.g., if there is not enough data to support); * Some themes might collapse into each other; * Other themes might be broken down into separate themes 3. In this phase, you must: * Read all the collated extracts for each theme to ensure they form a coherent pattern; * Consider the validity of individual themes in relation to the entire data set

Question 33

What is phase 5 of thematic analysis?

Answer 33

Defining and naming themes

Question 34

What are 6 characteristics of phase 5 (defining and naming themes)?

Answer 34

1. Once you have a satisfactory thematic map of your data, you should identify the “essence” of what each theme is about. 2. Identify what is of interest to each theme and why 3. Identify the “story” that each theme tells; and how these themes fit into the broader overall story that you are telling about the data. 4. Test out your themes by seeing if you can describe the scope and content of each theme in a couple of sentences * If not, further refinement of that theme may be needed! 5. Identify if any themes contain any sub-themes * Can be useful for giving structure to a particularly large and complex theme 6. Finalise the naming of your themes * Concise, punchy, and immediately give the reader a sense of what the theme is about!

Question 35

What are 6 examples of themes derived from thematic analysis?

Answer 35

1. Role of humour in coping with serious illness 2. A sense of loss when pain stops sporting career 3. Hope that therapy can provide answers 4. Psychosocial themes in employment transition 5. Older women unpacking their routines 6. Opportunity to be heard and appreciated in blog

Question 36

What are 3 characteristics of themes derived from thematic analysis?

Answer 36

1. Becoming whole * Foreign feeling –’not part of body’ * Watching arm to make sure it is safe * Accepting the new feeling 2. Being involved and informed 3. Rehabilitation when I’m ready

Question 37

What are 3 implications of themes derived from thematic analysis?

Answer 37

1. Understand loss and grief associated with sensory loss, time it takes to develop acceptance of a sense of wholeness 2. Want to be involved in decision and informed - may need repetition of information 3. Consider rehabilitation options post acute stage - clients not always ready for remediation approaches during rehabilitation but may seek it some time later

Question 38

Match the answers

Answer 38