wk 4

Question 1

What is organic chemistry?

Answer 1

The study of carbon-based compounds, especially in living things.

Question 2

What types of bonds are found in organic molecules?

Answer 2

Covalent bonds.

Question 3

What are the four categories of organic molecules?

Answer 3

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids.

Question 4

Why is carbon a versatile molecule?

Answer 4

It forms four covalent bonds, bonds with many elements, and creates chains, rings, and branches.

Question 5

What is a functional group?

Answer 5

A group of atoms that gives a molecule specific chemical properties.

Question 6

What role do functional groups play?

Answer 6

They determine how molecules behave and react.

Question 7

What is a macromolecule?

Answer 7

A large molecule made of smaller building blocks.

Question 8

What is a monomer?

Answer 8

A single building block of a macromolecule.

Question 9

What is a polymer?

Answer 9

A chain of many monomers linked together.

Question 10

What is polymerization?

Answer 10

The process of joining monomers to form a polymer.

Question 11

What type of chemical reaction links monomers together?

Answer 11

Dehydration synthesis.

Question 12

In dehydration synthesis, is water a reactant or product?

Answer 12

Water is a product.

Question 13

What type of chemical reaction breaks down polymers?

Answer 13

Hydrolysis.

Question 14

In hydrolysis, is water a reactant or product?

Answer 14

Water is a reactant.

Question 15

What is a carbohydrate?

Answer 15

A molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Question 16

Will a carbohydrate dissolve in water? Why?

Answer 16

Yes, because carbohydrates are polar and so is water.

Question 17

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 17

Simple sugars.

Question 18

Name the three types of monosaccharides.

Answer 18

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose.

Question 19

What are the two forms a monosaccharide can exist as?

Answer 19

Linear form and Ring form.

Question 20

What is an isomer?

Answer 20

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures.

Question 21

Why are glucose, galactose, and fructose considered isomers?

Answer 21

They have the same formula (C₆H₁₂O₆) but different structures.

Question 22

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 22

Two monosaccharides linked together.

Question 23

Name the three types of disaccharides.

Answer 23

Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose.

Question 24

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 24

Many monosaccharides linked together.

Question 25

Name three important polysaccharides.

Answer 25

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose.

Question 26

How do we obtain carbohydrates?

Answer 26

By eating foods like bread, fruits, and vegetables.

Question 27

What is the main function of glucose?

Answer 27

Quick energy source.

Question 28

What happens when we consume more energy than we need?

Answer 28

Extra energy is stored as fat or glycogen.

Question 29

What happens if our blood sugar drops too low?

Answer 29

The body releases stored glucose from glycogen.

Question 30

What is a lipid?

Answer 30

A hydrophobic molecule made mostly of carbon and hydrogen.

Question 31

Will a lipid dissolve in water? Why?

Answer 31

No, because lipids are nonpolar and water is polar.

Question 32

How do lipids differ structurally from other macromolecules?

Answer 32

They are not made of repeating monomers.

Question 33

What are the four primary types of lipids?

Answer 33

Fats (triglycerides), Phospholipids, Steroids, Waxes.

Question 34

What is a fatty acid?

Answer 34

A long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end.

Question 35

How are fatty acids classified?

Answer 35

As saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds).

Question 36

Describe a saturated fatty acid.

Answer 36

No double bonds; straight chains; solid at room temperature.

Question 37

Describe an unsaturated fatty acid.

Answer 37

Has double bonds; kinked chains; liquid at room temperature.

Question 38

What is a triglyceride?

Answer 38

A lipid made of one glycerol and three fatty acids.

Question 39

How are triglycerides made?

Answer 39

Through dehydration synthesis, producing three water molecules.

Question 40

How do humans obtain triglycerides?

Answer 40

By eating fats and oils.

Question 41

What is saturated fat and why is it solid at room temperature?

Answer 41

Fat with only single bonds; straight chains pack tightly, making it solid.

Question 42

What is unsaturated fat and why is it liquid at room temperature?

Answer 42

Fat with double bonds; kinked chains prevent tight packing, making it liquid.

Question 43

Where are triglycerides stored in the body?

Answer 43

In adipose (fat) tissue.

Question 44

What is the function of triglycerides in animals?

Answer 44

Energy storage, insulation, and protection.

Question 45

What is a phospholipid?

Answer 45

A molecule made of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.

Question 46

What part of the phospholipid is the head? The tail?

Answer 46

Head = phosphate group (hydrophilic); Tails = fatty acids (hydrophobic).

Question 47

What does it mean for a phospholipid to be amphipathic?

Answer 47

It has both hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-fearing) parts.

Question 48

Which region of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Answer 48

The head (phosphate group).

Question 49

Which region of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

Answer 49

The tails (fatty acid chains).

Question 50

How do phospholipids behave in water?

Answer 50

They form bilayers, with heads facing water and tails facing inward.

Question 51

What is the function of a phospholipid?

Answer 51

Main component of cell membranes.

Question 52

What is a steroid?

Answer 52

A lipid made of four fused carbon rings.

Question 53

Describe cholesterol.

Answer 53

A steroid that stabilizes cell membranes and is a precursor for hormones.

Question 54

What is the role of a steroid-based hormone?

Answer 54

To regulate processes like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.