WK 9 -12 Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is a Group?
- collection of people with interdependent relationships and shared goals (e.g., harmony).
Group Decision-Making
Groupthink
Group Polarisation
Group Decision-Making
- Consensus decisions can lead to Groupthink or Group Polarization.
Groupthink
- Lack of disagreement leads to False Consensus or Pluralistic Ignorance.
Group Polarization
- Shared views and affirmation of values lead to extreme decisions.
Group Performance and Social Influence
Social Facilitation
Better performance in the presence of others (e.g., co-action & audience effects).
Group Performance and Social Influence
Social Interference
Performance worsens due to anxiety or stress (e.g., stage fright).
Group Performance and Social Influence
Social Loafing
Less effort is put in by individuals in a group (Ringelmann Effect)
Group Performance and Social Influence
Zajonc’s Theory
Presence of others increases arousal, improving simple tasks but harming complex ones.
Social Interference
Social Loafing Solutions
Increase responsibility, delegate roles, and ensure leadership.
Conformity, Obedience, and Social Norms:
Social Influence
Increase responsibility, delegate roles, and ensure leadership.
Conformity, Obedience, and Social Norms
Conformity
Adjusting behaviour to fit social norms. Influenced by desire to do the right thing (informational) or avoid scrutiny (normative).
Conformity, Obedience, and Social Norms
Asch’s Conformity
75% of participants conformed to an incorrect answer at least once.
Conformity, Obedience, and Social Norms
Obedience
following authority instructions, especially when the authority is trusted.
Conformity, Obedience, and Social Norms
Milgram Study
65% obeyed orders to administer painful shocks despite ethical concerns.
Theories of Group Development (Tuckman)
forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
Forming
- Members define tasks, goals, and develop group identity.
Storming
- Conflicts arise as members resist tasks or work approaches.
Norming
- The group builds cohesion, sets rules, and resolves conflicts.
Performing
- The group works efficiently, understanding each other’s strengths and weaknesses.
Adjourning
- The group disbands or reorganizes, reflecting on achievements or loss.
What is Social Cognition?
- unconscious psychological processes that help us perceive, categorise, and respond to social information. Fast but prone to bias and oversimplification.
What are the main categories of Attribution?
Internal (Dispositional) vs. External (Situational)
Stable vs. Unstable
Controllable vs. Uncontrollable
Most influential: Dispositional vs. Situational (explained by Kelley’s Covariation Model).
What is Kelley’s Covariation Model?
We infer cause by considering:
- Consistency (does it happen often?)
- Distinctiveness (is it specific to this situation?)
- Consensus (do others do the same?)
What are the three key Attribution Biases?
Fundamental Attribution Error – Overemphasise internal causes for others.
**Actor-Observer Bias – **External for self, internal for others.
**Self-Serving Bias – **Success = internal; failure = external.
What are Attitudes in psychology?
An evaluative disposition toward something, defined by:
Attitude Object
Valence (positive/negative)
Intensity (strength of feeling)
What are the functions of Attitudes?
Affect (feelings)
Behaviour (approach/avoid)
Cognition (thoughts and beliefs)
How do we acquire attitudes?
Direct Instruction
Self-Perception Theory
Balance Theory
What are common Persuasion Techniques?
Ingratiation (Affect): small favour builds goodwill.
Foot-in-the-Door (Behaviour): small request first.
Selective Information (Cognition): give biased info.
What is Cognitive Dissonance?
Psychological discomfort from contradiction between beliefs and actions. Leads to attitude or behaviour change.
What is Confirmation Bias?
Tendency to seek, interpret, and remember information that confirms existing beliefs.
What is Social Identity Theory?
Explains group-based bias via:
Social Categorisation
Social Identification
Social Comparison
