wk3-4 Flashcards by sanne Pos

three reasons for performing a blood smear

a. Perform the differential white blood cell (WBC) count
b. Estimate platelet numbers
c. Evaluate the morphologic features of WBCs, red blood cells (RBCs), and platelets

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five abnormalities that may be missed or not reported by automated blood analyzers

a. Nucleated RBCs
b. Toxic granulation
c. Platelet clumps
d. Target cells
e. Hemoparasites

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The systematic evaluation of the blood smear should start with scanning for

a. platelet clumps,
b. large abnormal cells,
c. microfilaria

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What is the minimum number of WBCs that must be counted during the differential? Would the number change if the WBC count were over 20,000?

100; YES we would need to count 200

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What is the formula for calculating the absolute value for each type of WBC?

Multiply the total WBC count by the percentage of each type

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Calculate the absolute values for the following: (WBC count=8,000/ul)
a. Neutrophils - 65%
b. Lymphocytes - 18%
c. Monocytes - 12%
d. Eosinophils - 4%
e. Basophils - 1%

a. AV Neutrophils = 5200/ul
b. AV Lymphs = 1440/ul
c. AV Monos = 960/ul
d. AV Eos = 320/ul
e. AV Basos = 80/ul

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Neutrophil

phagocytosis

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phagocytosis

the ingestion of bacteria

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Lymphocyte

production of antibodies

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monocyte

phagocytosis

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eosinophil

modulation of immune system (also capable of phagocytosis)

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basophil

mediation of immune system

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Describe what you would see if the cells exhibited the morphologic abnormality Pelger-Huet Anomaly

nuclear hyposegmentation (neutrophils with 2 or fewer lobes)

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What would indicate Nuclear Hyper segmentation in a neutrophil?

Aging neutrophils (prolonged storage)

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Toxic changes are common disease-induced cytoplasm changes in neutrophils. List the five types of toxic changes we might see

a. Cytoplasmic basophilia (very blue)
b. Döhle bodies
c. Azurophilic (dark blue) granulation
d. Gigantism/swelling
e. Foamy cytoplasm (many vacuoles)

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What three conditions are these (Toxic changes are common disease-induced cytoplasm changes) changes typically associated with?

a. Inflammation
b. Infection
c. Drug toxicity

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What is another name for a reactive lymphocyte?

immunocyte

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Describe what a reactive lymphocyte might look like

Increase in basophilic cytoplasm; more abundant cytoplasm; sometimes a large, convoluted nuclei

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What is caused by the rare inherited disease lysosomal storage disorder?

With this group of rare inherited diseases, a substance is abnormally stored within cells, usually as a result of an intracellular enzyme deficiency.

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What morphologic abnormality is found in neutrophils and monocytes of animals with hemolytic anemia? Describe what you might see.

Siderotic granules - very similar to Dohle bodies must differentiate with Prussian blue stain

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What are the two names for degenerative leukocytes that have ruptured?

smudge or basket cells

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karolysis

degenerative change to the nucleus by dissolution of the
nuclear membrane

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pyknosis

condensing of the nucleus as the cell dies

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Karyorrhexis

fragmentation of the nucleus after cell death

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What types of stains are used to stain the blood film?

romanowsky type

What are the three steps in the Dif Quik staining method?

Fixative, Eosin, Methylene blue

How long is the slide left in each of the three steps?

Fixative: 60 seconds, Eosin and Methylene blue: 30 sec each

List the four areas you should evaluate when determining the quality of your blood smear

a. width b. length c. shape d. monolayer

problem: Prolonged stain contact

solution: Decrease staining time

problem: Inadequate wash

solution: Wash longer

problem: Specimen too thick

solution: Make thinner smears, smaller drop or different angle

problem: Stain, diluent, buffer, or wash water too alkaline

solution: Check with pH paper and correct pH

problem: Exposure to formalin vapors

solution: Store and ship cytologic preparations separate from formalin containers

problem: Wet fixation in ethanol or formalin

solution: Air dry smears before fixation

problem: Delayed fixation

solution: Fix smears sooner, if possible

Erythropoietin

A cytokine responsible for the production of RBCs

Where and why is EPO produced?

In the kidneys in response to decrease in oxygen tension in the blood

normal canine RBC

biconcave disc shape with an area of central pallor

normal feline RBC

Round with little to no area of central pallor

5 categories for morphologic characteristics of erythrocytes

a. Cell arrangement b. Size c. Color d. Shape e. Presence of structures in or on the erythrocyte

Rouleaux

stacking of erythrocytes; artifact; normal in horses - may be in dogs or cats; disperses in saline

Autoagglutination

A occurs in immune-medicated disorders; cells coat with antibodies resulting in bridges and clumps; differentiate from rouleaux with a drop of saline

Anisocytosis

variation in cell size

polychromasia

bluish tint in cells

hypochromasia

decreased color

Hyperchromatophilic

darkly stained; too much color

Poikilocyte

abnormally shaped; general term

Schistocyte

RBC fragments; half of cell is gone

Acanthocyte

spur cells; spiky and bumps

Echinocyte

burr cells; lots of spikes; artifactual

Drepanocyte

sickle cells; ice/frozen over look

Keratocyte

helmet cells; blister cells; vacuole/white bubbles; cancer

Spherocyte

small, dark staining with reduced or no central pallor; red orange spheres; a little smaller than normal

Leptocyte

target cells; general term

Stomatocyte

folded cells; artifacts; white line down center

Knizocyte

Barr cells; dark slit/opening

Eliptocyte

ovalcytes; oval

Eccentrocytes

diabetic; darker on one side - similar to helmet cells

Dacrocyte

teardrop; artifact

Basophilic Stippling

Presence of small, dark-blue bodies, Residual RNA, Immature RBCs of ruminants, Cats responding to anemia, Lead poisoning

Howell-Jolly Bodies

Basophilic nuclear remnants in young RBCs in response to anemia, Removed when passed through spleen, Increased numbers = splenic disorders

Heinz bodies

Round blue structures—denatured hemoglobin, Caused by oxidant drugs and chemicals

What is the minimum number of oil immersion fields to count for a platelet estimate?

true/false? Platelet clumping is common in mammals

true

What does the presence of megathrombocytes suggest?

early release of platelets from the bone marrow

What is the formula for determining a platelet estimate?

-Total the number of platelets counted divide by 10 -Multiply the estimated platelet number by 20,000 Average platelets/oif X 20,000 = estimated platelets/ul

wk3-4 Flashcards

(66 cards)