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vtt 114 > wk3-4 > Flashcards

wk3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

three reasons for performing a blood smear

A

a. Perform the differential white blood cell (WBC) count
b. Estimate platelet numbers
c. Evaluate the morphologic features of WBCs, red blood cells (RBCs), and platelets

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2
Q

five abnormalities that may be missed or not reported by automated blood analyzers

A

a. Nucleated RBCs
b. Toxic granulation
c. Platelet clumps
d. Target cells
e. Hemoparasites

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3
Q

The systematic evaluation of the blood smear should start with scanning for

A

a. platelet clumps,
b. large abnormal cells,
c. microfilaria

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4
Q

What is the minimum number of WBCs that must be counted during the differential? Would the number change if the WBC count were over 20,000?

A

100; YES we would need to count 200

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5
Q

What is the formula for calculating the absolute value for each type of WBC?

A

Multiply the total WBC count by the percentage of each type

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6
Q

Calculate the absolute values for the following: (WBC count=8,000/ul)
a. Neutrophils - 65%
b. Lymphocytes - 18%
c. Monocytes - 12%
d. Eosinophils - 4%
e. Basophils - 1%

A

a. AV Neutrophils = 5200/ul
b. AV Lymphs = 1440/ul
c. AV Monos = 960/ul
d. AV Eos = 320/ul
e. AV Basos = 80/ul

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7
Q

Neutrophil

A

phagocytosis

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8
Q

phagocytosis

A

the ingestion of bacteria

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9
Q

Lymphocyte

A

production of antibodies

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10
Q

monocyte

A

phagocytosis

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11
Q

eosinophil

A

modulation of immune system (also capable of phagocytosis)

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12
Q

basophil

A

mediation of immune system

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13
Q

Describe what you would see if the cells exhibited the morphologic abnormality Pelger-Huet Anomaly

A

nuclear hyposegmentation (neutrophils with 2 or fewer lobes)

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14
Q

What would indicate Nuclear Hyper segmentation in a neutrophil?

A

Aging neutrophils (prolonged storage)

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15
Q

Toxic changes are common disease-induced cytoplasm changes in neutrophils. List the five types of toxic changes we might see

A

a. Cytoplasmic basophilia (very blue)
b. Döhle bodies
c. Azurophilic (dark blue) granulation
d. Gigantism/swelling
e. Foamy cytoplasm (many vacuoles)

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16
Q

What three conditions are these (Toxic changes are common disease-induced cytoplasm changes) changes typically associated with?

A

a. Inflammation
b. Infection
c. Drug toxicity

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17
Q

What is another name for a reactive lymphocyte?

A

immunocyte

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18
Q

Describe what a reactive lymphocyte might look like

A

Increase in basophilic cytoplasm; more abundant cytoplasm; sometimes a large, convoluted nuclei

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19
Q

What is caused by the rare inherited disease lysosomal storage disorder?

A

With this group of rare inherited diseases, a substance is abnormally stored within cells, usually as a result of an intracellular enzyme deficiency.

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20
Q

What morphologic abnormality is found in neutrophils and monocytes of animals with hemolytic anemia? Describe what you might see.

A

Siderotic granules - very similar to Dohle bodies must differentiate with Prussian blue stain

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21
Q

What are the two names for degenerative leukocytes that have ruptured?

A

smudge or basket cells

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22
Q

karolysis

A

degenerative change to the nucleus by dissolution of the
nuclear membrane

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23
Q

pyknosis

A

condensing of the nucleus as the cell dies

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24
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

fragmentation of the nucleus after cell death

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25
Q

What types of stains are used to stain the blood film?

A

romanowsky type

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26
Q

What are the three steps in the Dif Quik staining method?

A

Fixative, Eosin, Methylene blue

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27
Q

How long is the slide left in each of the three steps?

A

Fixative: 60 seconds, Eosin and Methylene blue: 30 sec each

28
Q

List the four areas you should evaluate when determining the quality of your blood smear

A

a. width
b. length
c. shape
d. monolayer

29
Q

problem: Prolonged stain contact

A

solution: Decrease staining time

30
Q

problem: Inadequate wash

A

solution: Wash longer

31
Q

problem: Specimen too thick

A

solution: Make thinner smears, smaller drop or different angle

32
Q

problem: Stain, diluent, buffer, or wash water too alkaline

A

solution: Check with pH paper and correct pH

33
Q

problem: Exposure to formalin vapors

A

solution: Store and ship cytologic preparations separate from formalin containers

34
Q

problem: Wet fixation in ethanol or formalin

A

solution: Air dry smears before fixation

35
Q

problem: Delayed fixation

A

solution: Fix smears sooner, if possible

36
Q

Erythropoietin

A

A cytokine responsible for the production of RBCs

37
Q

Where and why is EPO produced?

A

In the kidneys in response to decrease in oxygen tension in the blood

38
Q

normal canine RBC

A

biconcave disc shape with an area of central pallor

39
Q

normal feline RBC

A

Round with little to no area of central pallor

40
Q

5 categories for morphologic characteristics of erythrocytes

A

a. Cell arrangement
b. Size
c. Color
d. Shape
e. Presence of structures in or on the erythrocyte

41
Q

Rouleaux

A

stacking of erythrocytes; artifact; normal in horses - may be in dogs or cats; disperses in saline

42
Q

Autoagglutination

A

A
occurs in immune-medicated disorders; cells coat with antibodies resulting in bridges and clumps; differentiate from rouleaux with a drop of saline

43
Q

Anisocytosis

A

variation in cell size

44
Q

polychromasia

A

bluish tint in cells

45
Q

hypochromasia

A

decreased color

46
Q

Hyperchromatophilic

A

darkly stained; too much color

47
Q

Poikilocyte

A

abnormally shaped; general term

48
Q

Schistocyte

A

RBC fragments; half of cell is gone

49
Q

Acanthocyte

A

spur cells; spiky and bumps

50
Q

Echinocyte

A

burr cells; lots of spikes; artifactual

51
Q

Drepanocyte

A

sickle cells; ice/frozen over look

52
Q

Keratocyte

A

helmet cells; blister cells; vacuole/white bubbles; cancer

53
Q

Spherocyte

A

small, dark staining with reduced or no central pallor; red orange spheres; a little smaller than normal

54
Q

Leptocyte

A

target cells; general term

55
Q

Stomatocyte

A

folded cells; artifacts; white line down center

56
Q

Knizocyte

A

Barr cells; dark slit/opening

57
Q

Eliptocyte

A

ovalcytes; oval

58
Q

Eccentrocytes

A

diabetic; darker on one side - similar to helmet cells

59
Q

Dacrocyte

A

teardrop; artifact

60
Q

Basophilic Stippling

A

Presence of small, dark-blue bodies, Residual RNA,
Immature RBCs of ruminants, Cats responding to anemia, Lead poisoning

61
Q

Howell-Jolly Bodies

A

Basophilic nuclear remnants in young RBCs in response to anemia, Removed when passed through spleen, Increased numbers = splenic disorders

62
Q

Heinz bodies

A

Round blue structures—denatured hemoglobin, Caused by oxidant drugs and chemicals

63
Q

What is the minimum number of oil immersion fields to count for a platelet estimate?

A

10

64
Q

true/false?
Platelet clumping is common in mammals

A

true

65
Q

What does the presence of megathrombocytes suggest?

A

early release of platelets from the bone marrow

66
Q

What is the formula for determining a platelet estimate?

A

-Total the number of platelets counted divide by 10
-Multiply the estimated platelet number by 20,000
Average platelets/oif X 20,000 = estimated platelets/ul

vtt 114 (1 decks)

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