WK3-US

Question 1

US creates heat in tissues most likely as a result of

Answer 1

molecular vibration

Question 2

Added heat buildup at the periosteal junction of bone can occur most likely as a result of

Answer 2

acoustic wave reflection producing standing waves

Question 3

The best estimate of effective radiating area (ERA) of the ultrasound applicator is

Answer 3

Area of the piezoelectric crystal

Question 4

The relationship between US frequency and depth of penetration is

Answer 4

Lower frequency US penetrates deeper than higher frequency US.

Question 5

Which would be the most appropriate ultrasound (US) parameters to treat a joint contracture of the posterior hip (used prior to stretching the joint capsule)?

Answer 5

1 MHz continuous US

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the appropriate use of therapeutic modalities for rehabilitation programs?

Answer 6

Adjunctive components of a comprehensive therapy program

Question 7

Ultrasound most effectively heats __________ tissue with __________collagen content such as tendons, ligaments, joint capsules, and fascia.

Answer 7

deep, high

Question 8

Ultrasound is generally classified according to its thermal and nonthermal effects. Which ultrasound setting is most responsible for whether there will be thermal or nonthermal effects?

Answer 8

duty cycle

Question 9

A common mistake made by therapists in heating a tissue using ultrasound is

Answer 9

Applying US over too large of an area

Question 10

What factors affect the amount of temperature increase when using thermal US

Answer 10

the type of tissue where the ultrasound is applied (i.e. tissue with higher collagen content heats more rapidly)
the intensity setting
the duration of the treatment
the frequency setting

Question 11

The technique used to reduce the risk of burning while still getting an effective treatment with an ultrasound applicator with a high beam nonuniformity ratio (BNR) is to

Answer 11

Move the US applicator while applying the US.

Question 12

Which ultrasound setting is responsible for the depth of ultrasound penetration?

Answer 12

frequency

Question 13

The optimal treatment area to get the most rapid heating of the tissue is

Answer 13

2x ERA

Question 14

The optimal intensity to achieve a heating effect of US in muscle tissue is

Answer 14

There is no optimal intensity because the intensity must be adjusted to meet the needs of the specific patient and the characteristics of the specific US device.

Question 15

When applying ultrasound to heat tissues, which of the following is used to determine the final ultrasound intensity?

Answer 15

the patient’s report of warmth

Question 16

Using thermal ultrasound in tissues with higher collagen content with a frequency of 3 MHz (as compared to 1 MHz), the depth of ultrasound penetration is more ________, but a _________ maximum temperature is achieved.

Answer 16

superficial, higher

Question 17

Pulsed ultrasound, with a duty cycle of ____ is most commonly used to produce the nonthermal benefits of ultrasound

Answer 17

20%

Question 18

Clinical indications for using therapeutic ultrasound include the following

Answer 18

phonophoresis
soft tissue shortening
carpal tunnel syndrome
tendon and ligament injuries
soft tissue healing
pain control
bone fractures

Question 19

The ________ effects of ultrasound are used primarily before stretching of shortened soft tissue and to reduce pain. Whereas the __________- effects of ultrasound are used primarily for altering membrane permeability to accelerate tissue healing.

Answer 19

thermal, nonthermal

Question 20

There are variations between the heating rates of different tissues. What is the relationship between the heating of tendons or ligaments and skeletal muscle under similar sonication conditions?

Answer 20

The heating rate and temperature rise seen in tendons/ligaments is between 2.5 and 3 times the rate seen in skeletal muscle.

Question 21

The optimal coupling medium used to apply ultrasound is

Answer 21

US gel

Question 22

When determining the duration of the ultrasound treatment, for most thermal and nonthermal application, ultrasound should be applied for _________for each treatment area that is ___________
the ____________ of the transducer.

Answer 22

5-10 minutes

2x

effective radiating area (ERA)

Question 23

Ultrasound duty cycle is selected according to the treatment goal. When the goal is to increase tissue temperature, a _________ duty cycle should be used. When ultrasound is applied where only nonthermal effects without tissue heating are desired __________ ultrasound with a _________ duty cycle should be used.

Answer 23

100% (continuous)

pulsed

20%

Question 24

There is strong substantiated evidence for the use of continuous US to treat

Answer 24

pain and dysfunction of Carpal tunnel syndrome

Question 25

(T/F) The effective radiating area (ERA) is defined as the area of the transducer from which ultrasound energy radiates. Because the crystal does not vibrate at its margins the ERA is always smaller than that area of the treatment head

Answer 25

True

Question 26

There is strong substantiated evidence for the use of pulsed US to treat

Answer 26

There is no compelling evidence for any use of pulsed US

Question 27

In general, ultrasound seems to be most effective in treating

Answer 27

painful conditions

Question 28

Evidence is moderate to strong for the contraindication of the use of continuous US in all of the following areas and conditions EXCEPT

Cancer—over a known or suspected area of malignancy

Hemorrhagic conditions—over an area of active bleeding

Active bone growth at the epiphysis

Pregnancy—over the shoulders, upper back, and cervical regions

Answer 28

Pregnancy—over the shoulders, upper back, and cervical regions

Question 29

(T/F) phonophoresis evidence is strong and substantiated in the application of hydrocortisone

Answer 29

False

Question 30

What is LIPUS

Answer 30

a kind of US that is standardized and low intensity to improve bone healing in the case of fractures.

Question 30

What is NCLFUS

Answer 30

a kind of non contact US that improves wound healing by atraumatic selective tissue debridement, wound stimulatory effects, and antibacterial activity.