Wk4

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

Subjective awareness of mental events

Question 2

Attention

Answer 2

Process of focusing conscious awareness

Question 3

Flow

Answer 3

Mental state of consciousness in which a person performing an activity is fully absorbed in a feeling of energised focus.

Question 4

Self-reports conscious thoughts at specific times, such as the beeper test

Answer 4

Experience-sampling

Question 5

Psychodynamic perspective of consciousness

Answer 5

1. Conscious processes - person is aware
2. Unconscious processes - person is unaware
3. Preconscious processes - person is not currently aware, but can be brought into consciousness

Question 6

Cognitive perspective of consciousness

Answer 6

Focusses on information-processing mechanisms that operate outside of awareness

Question 7

Behavioural perspective of consciousness

Answer 7

Consciousness is considered analogous to a continuously moving video camera. There are 2 functions of consciousness - monitor and control and allow people to initiate and terminate thoughts/behaviour in order to attain goals.

Question 8

Evolutionary perspective of consciousness

Answer 8

Evolved as a mechanism for directing behaviour in adaptive ways. The primary function of consciousness is to foster adaptation.

Question 9

Cyclical biological clocks evolved around daily cycles of light and dark

Answer 9

Circadian rhythms

Question 10

REM

Answer 10

Rapid eye movement - most dreaming occurs here where eyes dart around and EEG resembles awake state

Question 11

What are the 3 theories of dreaming?

Answer 11

1. Dreams have meaning - Freud distinguished between the manifest content (story line) and the latent content (underlying meaning)
2. Cognitive Perspective - dreams are the outcome of cognitive processes and their content reflects concerns people express in waking conditions.
3. Dreams are a biological phenomenon with no meaning at all.

Question 12

What is it called when you are at a party with lots of people but can hear only the person you are talking to?

Answer 12

The cocktail party effect

Question 13

What is it called when you divert attention from information that may be relevant but emotionally upsetting?

Answer 13

Selective inattention

Question 14

What are the 3 functions of attention?

Answer 14

1. Orienting to sensory stimuli
2. Contents of consciousness
3. Maintaining alertness

Question 15

A way that researchers study divided attention where information is simultaneously presented in left and right ears in earphones

Answer 15

Dichotic listening

Question 16

What is it called when the participant is asked to focus on info from only one ear repeating loudly what they hear?

Answer 16

Shadowing

Question 17

Perception of stimuli below the threshold of consciousness

Answer 17

Subliminal perception

Question 18

Explicit memory

Answer 18

Conscious

Question 19

Implicit memory

Answer 19

Unconscious

Question 20

What is it called when you flash images too quickly for conscious recognition but slowly enough to be registered outside of awareness?

Answer 20

Tachistoscope

Question 21

What are the stages of sleep?

Answer 21

Awake - Beta waves and relaxed - alpha waves
NREM - Stage 1 - Theta, Stage 2 - Spindles, Stage 3 and 4 - Delta waves
REM - Resembles waking activity

Question 22

Stage 1 sleep

Answer 22

Theta waves, slow eye movement, muscles relax, blood pressure drops.

Question 23

Stage 2 sleep

Answer 23

Larger theta waves with spindles, sleep deepens and alpha activity stops

Question 24

Stage 3 and 4 sleep

Answer 24

Delta waves, when they get to more than 50% a person is in stage 4. Deep sleep, relaxed muscles, decreased rate of respiration and lower body temp.

Question 25

Depressants

Answer 25

Provide a sedative or calming effect such as heroin (benzodiazepines). Slow down activity of central nervous system and produce intense pleasure, feeling of wellbeing and drowsiness. Alcohol is also a depressant.

Question 26

Alcohol

Answer 26

Long-term produces physical changes in brain that can affect cognitive function and sometimes dementia. Wernickes encephalopathy and korsakoffs syndrome, caused by thamine deficiency. Nerve damage and cerebral atrophy.

Question 27

Stimulants

Answer 27

Increase alertness, energy and autonomic reactivity. Nicotine, caffeine and cocaine.

Question 28

Hallucinogens

Answer 28

Alter sensory data to produce bizarre or unusual perceptions.

Question 29

LSD

Answer 29

psychotic symptoms, depression, paranoia, lack of motivation and changes in brain physiology.