Wk7

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

Occurs when stimulus is repeated and the response weakens.

Question 2

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 2

What originally causes the response. Involuntarily elicits a response.

Question 3

Unconditioned response

Answer 3

What is the original response. Innate or unlearned response, usually a reflex.

Question 4

Neutral stimulus

Answer 4

What is now causing the response (the NS will become the CS)

Question 5

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

Starts as the NS and is then paired with the UCS in experiments

Question 6

Conditioned response

Answer 6

What is the learned response, typically same as UCS.

Question 7

Phobia

Answer 7

excessive and irrational fear of something

Question 8

Reinforcement

Answer 8

Pairing of the 2 stimuli (CS and UCS)

Question 9

Acquisition

Answer 9

Initial stage of learning

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

Procedure produces a reduction and eventual disappearance of CR. Involves repeatedly presenting CS without UCS.

Question 11

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 11

Reappearance of extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to CS.

Question 12

Generalisation

Answer 12

After classical conditioning with CS similar stimuli will elicit CR even if never paired.

Question 13

Discrimination

Answer 13

Opposite of generalisation.

Question 14

Classical conditioning

Answer 14

Pavlovian. UCS, UCR, CS,CR,NS. Reflex behaviours

Question 15

Psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 15

Study of interactions between psychological processes and nervous and immune systems.

Question 16

Associative learning

Answer 16

Classical and operant conditioning is a behaviourist perspective

Question 17

Laws of association

Answer 17

Conditions under which one thought becomes associated with another

Question 18

Laws of contiguity

Answer 18

2 events will be connected in the mind if they are experienced close together in time

Question 19

Law of similarity

Answer 19

Objects that resemble each other are likely to become associated.

Question 20

Galvanic skin response

Answer 20

Electric measure of amount of sweat on skin associated with arousal or anxiety

Question 21

Interstimulus interval

Answer 21

Time between presentation of CS and the UCS

Question 22

Blocking

Answer 22

Failure of stimulus to elicit a CR when combined with another stimulus that already elicits that response

Question 23

Latent inhibition

Answer 23

Initial exposure to neutral stimulus without UCS slows the process of later learning the CS-UCS association and developing a CR

Question 24

Prepared learning

Answer 24

Biologically wired readiness to learn some associations more eaily than others

Question 25

Prepared learning

Answer 25

Biologically wired readiness to learn some associations more easily than others.

Question 26

Law of prediction

Answer 26

CS-UCS association will form to the extent that the presence of CS predicts the appearance of the UCS

Question 27

Paradoxical conditioning

Answer 27

CR is opposite of UCR - body's attempt to conteract the effects of a stimulus that's about to occur.

Question 28

Operant Conditioning

Answer 28

B.F Skinner - learning to operate on the environment to produce a consequence. Mouse with lever. Non-reflex behaviours

Question 29

Reinforcement

Answer 29

Increase behaviour

Question 30

Punishment

Answer 30

Decrease behaviour

Question 31

Positive

Answer 31

Something has been added

Question 32

Negative

Answer 32

Something has been taken away

Question 33

Law of effect

Answer 33

Thorndike - Animals tendency to reproduce a behaviour depends on the behaviours effect on the environment and the consequences of that.

Question 34

Operants

Answer 34

Behaviours spontaneously produced rather than elicited by the environment

Question 35

Escape learning

Answer 35

Behaviour is reinforced by elimination of aversive state of affairs that already exists

Question 36

Avoidance learning

Answer 36

Occurs as organism learns to prevent unexpected adverse events from happening.

Question 37

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 37

Consequence is the same each time

Question 38

Intermittent schedules of reinforcement

Answer 38

Action sometimes leads to reinforcement

Question 39

Response contingency

Answer 39

Connection exists between behaviour and consequence

Question 40

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 40

Stimulus signals presence of particular contingencies of reinforcement

Question 41

Shaping

Answer 41

Used by animal trainers to produce novel behaviours by reinforcing closer and closer approximations to desired response.

Question 42

Successive approximations

Answer 42

Process of rewarding behaviours that move subject closer to desired behaviour.

Question 43

Reward

Answer 43

Reinforcer

Question 44

Ratio

Answer 44

Behaviour completed to get reward

Question 45

Interval

Answer 45

Time completed to get reward

Question 46

Fixed

Answer 46

Specific/definitive

Question 47

Variable

Answer 47

Undetermined/varying

Question 48

Biofeedback

Answer 48

Psychologists feed back info about biological processes, allow person to gain operant control over autonomic responses, heart rate etc.

Question 49

Chaining

Answer 49

Involves putting together sequence of existing responses in novel order

Question 50

Cognitive social theory

Answer 50

Incorporates concepts of conditioning but adds 2 new factors - a focus on cognition and social learning

Question 51

Cognitive maps

Answer 51

Mental representations or images

Question 52

Latent learning

Answer 52

Learning that has occurred but not currently manifested in behaviour.

Question 53

Insight

Answer 53

Sudden understanding of relation between problem and solution

Question 54

Expectancies

Answer 54

Expectations about consequences of behaviour are what render behaviour more or less likely to occur

Question 55

Generalised expectancies

Answer 55

expectancies that influence a broad spectrum of behaviour

Question 56

Locus of control of reinforcement

Answer 56

Generalised expectancies people hold about whether or not their own behaviour can bring about the outcomes they seek

Question 57

Internal locus of control

Answer 57

Belief that they are masters of their own fate

Question 58

External locus of control

Answer 58

Belief that lives are determined by forces outside of themselves

Question 59

Learned helplessness

Answer 59

Consists of expectancies that one cannot escape aversive events and motivation and learning deficits that results from this belief.

Question 60

Explanatory style

Answer 60

The way people make sense of bad events.

Question 61

4 components of successful modelling

Answer 61

1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Motor reproduction 4. Motivation