WK4 understanding criminal behaviour

Question 1

interaction

Answer 1

where the effect of one factor depends on the presence of another factor

Question 2

biological disposition

Answer 2

idea that certain biological factors increase the risk of criminality

Question 3

sensation seeking

Answer 3

high need for risk and excitement

Question 4

DNA

Answer 4

the material from which genes are made

Question 5

double helix

Answer 5

two strands connected by 3 billion base pairs made up of four chemicals

Question 6

genes

Answer 6

a specific section of sequential base pair

Question 7

chromosomes

Answer 7

tightly packed coil of genes

Question 8

genomes

Answer 8

full set of genetic information

Question 9

monozygotic twins

Answer 9

identical twins

Question 10

dizygotic twins

Answer 10

two seperate eggs fertilized by two seperate sperm

Question 11

Concordance

Answer 11

degree of similarity

Question 12

XYY chromosome hypothesis

Answer 12

That men who adopt an extra Y chromosome from their father are larger in stature, low intelligence and extra masculine increases likelihood of criminality

Question 13

molecular genetics

Answer 13

searches to identify specific genes associated with crime

Question 14

GeneD4DR

Answer 14

regulates dopamine which is associated with mood and pleasure- links to sensation seeking and risk taking

Question 15

Left hemisphere

Answer 15

language and reasoning

Question 16

Right hemisphere

Answer 16

creativity and spatial manipulation

Question 17

Frontal lobe

Answer 17

abstract thinking, reasoning, planning, impulse control and problem solving

Question 18

Parietal lobe

Answer 18

movement, orientation and perception

Question 19

occipital lobe

Answer 19

visual information

Question 20

Temporal lobe

Answer 20

hearing and speech

Question 21

developmental factors

Answer 21

the effect of experiences over the lifecourse from womb to tomb

Question 22

Personality

Answer 22

persistent and enduring ways of thinking, patterns of behavior and emotional responses that characterize an individual

Question 23

personality traits

Answer 23

shorthand descriptors of the stable attributes that comprise personality

Question 24

The Big 5

Answer 24

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism

Question 25

conformity

Answer 25

following others when it conflicts with personally held beliefs and values

Question 26

obedience to authority

Answer 26

following the commands of someone with perceived power

Question 27

Deindividuation

Answer 27

Reduced self-awareness, most commonly produced by group membership

Question 28

Disciplinary styles

Answer 28

authoritarian, authoritative and permissive

Question 29

authoritarian

Answer 29

focus on enforcement of rules and administration of punishment

Question 30

permissive

Answer 30

very tolerant, children have a degree of freedom

Question 31

authoritative

Answer 31

firm but fair, open communication and rational discussion

Question 32

distal factors

Answer 32

go back in time

Question 33

proximal factors

Answer 33

closer to the time

Question 34

examples of distal factors

Answer 34

biological disposition, developmental experiences

Question 35

examples of proximal factors

Answer 35

situational factors

Question 36

low self-control can be developed through

Answer 36

upbringing, cognitive development, opportunity

Question 37

desistance

Answer 37

a process and an outcome of abstaining from criminal activity

Question 38

primary desistance

Answer 38

stop engaging in criminal behaviour

Question 39

secondary desistance

Answer 39

take on a new non-criminal identity

Question 40

grasmick scale

Answer 40

measures self-control

Question 41

examples of developmental factors

Answer 41

family structure, child maltreatment, disciplinary practices, schooling experiences, peer groups

Question 42

developmental factor approaches

Answer 42

personality theories, social learning theory

Question 43

altruism

Answer 43

capacity to perform self-sacrificing acts

Question 44

Eysencks personality theory of crime

Answer 44

psychoticism, extroversion and neuroticism- mix of biological and environmental factors

Question 45

Social psychology

Answer 45

study of beings in social circumstances

Question 46

opportunity theory

Answer 46

behaviour determined by it's consequences

Question 47

passive correlation

Answer 47

child exposed to a compatible environment

Question 48

active correlation

Answer 48

child seeks out compatible environments

Question 49

reactive correlation

Answer 49

different children evoke different reactions from the environment

Question 50

risk factors of crime

Answer 50

child maltreatment, family not intact and poor-quality relationships

Question 51

protection factors for crime

Answer 51

close ties with siblings, good performance at school, involvement with team sports, not being removed from foster home

Question 52

Kohlberg moral development theory 3 stages

Answer 52

how children develop morality and moral reasoning, pre-conventional, conventional and post-conventional

Question 53

pre-conventional

Answer 53

punishment and obedience- instrumental hedonism

Question 54

conventional

Answer 54

good boy/girl- authority and social order

Question 55

post-conventional

Answer 55

democratically accepted laws, individual principle and conscience

Question 56

prudent anti-social offending

Answer 56

pre-conventional (acquisitive e.g sex offenders

Question 57

imprudent anti-social offending

Answer 57

both conventional and pre-conventional (assaults)