Women

Question 1

What was the position of women in 1865

Answer 1

• All American believe WM place home till 1960
• Female involvement campaigns+public life before 1865= church,Sunday school,antislavery,temoprence,poor,childcare,oppose prostitution
• campaigners before 65= sojourner truth former slave abolitionist speaker,Lucretia mott anti slavery society 1833,Elizabeth caddy Stanton slavery national women suffrage association
• Economic social development before 1865 = development in tech – incarse literacy education for white WM trend domestic work gives time for political discussion ,1st female anti slavery convention 1847, harriet Stowe wrote book uncle toms cabin

Question 2

What was the civil war impact ?

Answer 2

• both side relied WM in charge of house raise funds nurses factories
• rights AA hope for WM
• men dint support political social equality
• industry expands = tendency paid work outside home increase divide in men WM
• WM low paid job
• limited birth control 1965- large family
• WM bigger role society social care religion
  Elizabeth Stanton organised lead women group
  Was a Turning point:
• WM played big role campaign abolishment slavery+vote
• black congress= hope
• total war WM involved showed not just domestic
  No Turning point :
• before after still no men support Gov
• low birth control fam size still big

Question 3

How did women gain greater political rights 1865-1960?

Answer 3

• 65-1919 movements right to vote for WM given = 19th amendment 1920
  Prohibition+tempernce campaign 1965-1919
• temperance 1st participation in public political life
• successfull change in law ban alcohol
• formed women’s Christian temperance union
• 27,000 members in 1880 and 800,000 by 1920 temperance campaign dominated by WM leader Frances Willard
• widespread support moral religious aspect tactic by MLK+civil rights
  Suffrage campaign
• should have right vote morally good at looking after home so good look after nation
• 15th amendment - vote cant be denied based on race not gender
• 150 charged 1872 not allowed to speak guilty
• SC 1875 WM not allowed to vote but state can give if want
• elzbeth cady Stanton - WM suffrage association split movement focus on state
• weakened by rival organisation American suffrage 2 merged 1890
  Challenges
• National association opposed suffrage said erode special place respect for domestic role attractiveness to men
• religious opposition catholic southern racist weakened Jim Crow
• immigrant WM dint demand due to back ground
• SC only give state permission cant say to congress

Question 4

19th amendment

Answer 4

• 1920 WM vote
• Key role Susan b Anthony women suffrage association 1869 with Elizabeth did lecture writings conventions called Susan b amendment
• But result limited
• Rural urban differences- rural before WW1 protested about falling food prices/farming formed populist party Elizabeth lease urban – charity for poor house movement 1880 education activities

Question 5

WW1 turning point

Answer 5

• Discrimination wages+social attitudes continued
• Was a Turning point
• Carrie Catt leader NAWS promise suffrage would increase WM effort support for WW1 NY give vote 1917 other states followed following yr
• 1920 19th amendment result of women protest reward WW1 efforts
• Was not
• Split in those wanted campaign on WM specific issues and fuller equality
• WM still hard vote registration intimidation
  Flappers sexually liberated urban women 1920s turned many against WM righ

Question 6

Between wars

Answer 6

• WM specific issued after suffrage e.g right own land juries state to state differences led to further split
• Equal eights ammendments would give 100% equality some WM opposedfailed
• New deal: social reform Eleanor Roosevelt pushed Frances Perkins 1st d=female WM cabinet member new giv agencies WM in charge
• But men still occupied majority jobs in gov new deal laws discriminate WM boost male employment WM lower pension/pay
• 1920 time more freedom flapper era less restricted but rural still stuck dint get benefit economic boom had effects of Great Depression 1929 expected to give up jobs for men

Question 7

WW2

Answer 7

• Increase jobs
• Poster Rosie wM doing man job
• WM encouraged to get new jobs by gov properganda special WM advisory commute help war effort
• More in armed forces public office state legislatures congress but
• Still paid less
• Limited help for child care still take care home+work
• AA nt same
• 1945 75% still clerical jobs
• End war male dominance as return 2miilon WM lost jobs 1946
• Wage gap in armed 1960
  Was Turing point
• More in work as labour neeeded replace men
• Women’s advisor Commite see how can e used in war
• Increase number in congress more skills professions
  Not
• Not involved decion making
• Majority cabinet male
• No help childcare
• Unequal pay
• Lack opportunity black immigrant women
• Still divided opinion
• 2 mill lost job 1946

Question 8

How did WM gain greater political rights 1960-1992?

Answer 8

• Feminine mystquie 63 betty Friedan after WW2 boom marriage baby 12-15yr later realise more to life what taste of indendependnace again
• NOW national organisation for wM 1963 betty abortion
• Report WM set by Kennedy from pressure NOW showes statistics unequal pay opportunists
• Kennedy new frontiers Johnson’s Great society show mood change NOW helped start to reject suburban culture female roles
• Opposition to NOW- conservative views neither republicans/demoacrtes took issues seriously some said demands NOW too radical led to split
• Campaign equal rights amendment bill not law
• Equal pay act but reduced support for equal rights amendment as now unnecessary to say yes
• NOW 1976 main issue ERA engage congress distrupt meetings demanding RA
• Aug 1972 20,00 wm strike
• Phylis Schaffer said wm should be proud of domestic roles
• New conservatism 1970 80 led backlash feminists so ERA never passed
• Radical feminism 1970 80 feminists aimed change in men view protest use tactics such as distrupt miss world contents burn bars refusal wear makeup demand free contraceptive
• Meetings discuss sexual relationships unequal power to awoken society
• Radical turned some off

Question 9

1992

Answer 9

Progress by 1992
- 100,00- WM involved least 1 group
- Broader agenda issues health abortion marriage divorce
- 1992 half universal WM
- 1981 1st female sc judge
- 1981 jeanne Fitzpatrick US ambassador to UN
Lack progress by 1992
- Only 8% engineers WM
- Still in female occupations
- Few involved decion making
- 32% less paid
- ERA not law

Question 10

How feminism gained greater political rights ?

Answer 10

• Feminine mystquie 63 betty Friedan after WW2 boom marriage baby 12-15yr later realise more to life what taste of indendependnace again
• NOW national organisation for wM 1963 betty abortion
• Report WM set by Kennedy from pressure NOW showes statistics unequal pay opportunists
• Kennedy new frontiers Johnson’s Great society show mood change NOW helped start to reject suburban culture female roles
• Opposition to NOW- conservative views neither republicans/demoacrtes took issues seriously some said demands NOW too radical led to split
• Campaign equal rights amendment bill not law
• Equal pay act but reduced support for equal rights amendment as now unnecessary to say yes
• NOW 1976 main issue ERA engage congress distrupt meetings demanding RA
• Aug 1972 20,00 wm strike
• Phylis Schaffer said wm should be proud of domestic roles
• New conservatism 1970 80 led backlash feminists so ERA never passed
• Radical feminism 1970 80 feminists aimed change in men view protest use tactics such as distrupt miss world contents burn bars refusal wear makeup demand free contraceptive
• Meetings discuss sexual relationships unequal power to awoken society
• Radical turned some off
• Issue abortion symbol conflict roe v wade 1973 ban abortion afte r3 months
• Political equality not fully but fight for social changes
• Meetings
• Kate millet book sexual politics
• 1970s WM groups 80,0000 to 100,00
• 1980 up incarse eduvcation positions but male double standards

Question 11

Changes economic opportunities

Answer 11

• 1865 employment
• Only 10% wm worked in 184 to 15% 1870 24% 1920
• Most paid in domestic service textile education whittle collar
• More education
• 1917 less domestic wor
• But still tardiness employers dint want hire married women
• AA wm low paid
• Little membership trade unions
  WW1&WW2
• Dint not often outlast the war as inter war period majority unmarried more continuity than change
• Depression put pressure not to steal jobs from men but as they worked for less were employed more rose from 12% to 15 1930s
  Ww2
• 100,000 wm recruited
• 6 million entered workforce steel mill transport
• Properganda stressed ability to do heavy work skill however wageunequal+ house work
• end of war return to more traditional employment patterns but more women into education 50% uni by 1986
• Economic diversification growth of government men more white collar work public service work
• Inequality part of life equal pay act feminism improved awareness of other isssues women faced in the workspace such as sexual harassment and the glass celling .