word recognition lectures 1 and 2

Question 1

what are the features of visual word recognition in literate adults?

Answer 1

fast and automatic
flexible
precise

Question 2

who investigated event related potentials for word recognition?

Answer 2

Dufau et al, 2015

Question 3

what did Dufau et al find out about event word processing ERPS?

Answer 3

language processing takes around 400ms

presented words and nonwords to participants

pressed a button if the word that appeared was not a word

Question 4

what is typicality?

Answer 4

how common a word or concept is within a specific category or context

Question 5

what is lexicality?

Answer 5

whether a stimulus forms a legitimate word in a specific language

whether it has an entry in the mental lexicon

Question 6

who investigated fast and automatic processing?

Answer 6

Stroop, 1935

Question 7

what did Stroop find out about processing?

Answer 7

no difference between reading the word in incompatible colours vs reading words in black ink

slower responses to read the ink colour for incompatible colours vs compatible colours

Question 8

what did Bisson et al, 2012 find out about film watching?

Answer 8

people tried to read the subtitles even if the language was unknown

Question 9

what is the procedure for masked priming?

Answer 9

mask
prime
target

Question 10

what is the duration of a prime?

Answer 10

30-250ms

short time so unaware of what the prime is

Question 11

what does orthographic mean?

Answer 11

recognising written language systems

Question 12

what does phonological mean?

Answer 12

interpreting speech sounds

Question 13

what is orthographic priming?

Answer 13

presenting written words in a way which makes it difficult for participants to consciously perceive them

Question 14

what is phonological priming?

Answer 14

presenting auditory information in a way which makes it difficult for participants to consciously perceive

Question 15

what did Ferrand and Grainger find out about orthographic priming?

Answer 15

participants responded faster and more accurately to target words which were orthographically similar to the masked prime words

Question 16

what did Ferrand and Grainger find out about phonological priming?

Answer 16

effect took longer but facilitation in processing target words that had a phonological overlap with the masked primes

Question 17

how is word processing flexible?

Answer 17

able to read different types of handwriting

can read words in different orders

can read even if case alteration has occurred

Question 18

what did Perea et al, 2015 find about case alteration?

Answer 18

word BeAst

wanted to see if we read this as beast or bat

lowercase primes or alternating case primes did not impair word recognition

Question 19

what did Moret-Tatay et al, 2011 investigate?

Answer 19

do serifs provide an advantage in the recognition of written words

Question 20

Moret-Tatay et al, 2011- serifs- procedure

Answer 20

looked at 160 words and 160 non words

lexical decision task

Question 21

Moret-Tatay et al, 2011- serifs- results

Answer 21

sans serif words (no lines) were recognised 19ms faster than words written in serif font

Question 22

is orthographic processing unique to humans?

Answer 22

no

Question 23

what did Grainger et al, 2012 investigate?

Answer 23

baboons and orthography

Question 24

what was the procedure to investigate baboons and orthography?

Answer 24

baboons were trained to discriminate English words from non words

food was the incentive

50 words and non words (which had no meaning for the baboons)

Question 25

what were the results for baboons and orthography?

Answer 25

results were higher than the 50% which would occur due to chance

Question 26

what is position specific coding?

Answer 26

each letter is associated with a certain position

Question 27

who proposed the interactive activation model?

Answer 27

McClelland and Rumelhart, 1981

Question 28

what is the interactive activation model?

Answer 28

interconnected nodes represent different levels of linguistic information these nodes form a network, where activation spreads between them excitation and inhibitions

Question 29

what is excitation in word processing?

Answer 29

word activated

Question 30

what is inhibition in word processing?

Answer 30

word not activated

Question 31

what are word nodes?

Answer 31

correspond to specific words in a mental lexicon

Question 32

what is lateral inhibition?

Answer 32

when one word node is activated, it inhibits other word nodes

Question 33

what is the resting level activation for words?

Answer 33

between -0.046 and 0

Question 34

what is the node's activation based on?

Answer 34

the amount of inhibition and activation it has received from other nodes

Question 35

what does the activation of each node vary between?

Answer 35

-0.2 and 1.0

Question 36

what is the word recognition threshold?

Answer 36

word recognition is assumed to take place when a node reaches a certain amount of activation

Question 37

who investigated transposition priming?

Answer 37

Forster et al (1987)

Question 38

what is transposition?

Answer 38

switching the position of adjacent letters in the base word

Question 39

how did Forster et al investigate transposition priming?

Answer 39

masked priming lexical decision task prime shown for 60ms target presented in upper case others words were transposed, substituted and a control (random word)

Question 40

what were the findings of transposition priming?

Answer 40

faster responses for transposed and substituted words compared to a control

Question 41

who investigated relative position priming?

Answer 41

Grainger et al, 2006

Question 42

what is the relative position priming effect?

Answer 42

target word recognition is facilitated due to priming the word with some of its letters, maintaining their relative position

Question 43

how did Grainger investigate relative position priming?

Answer 43

masked priming lexical decision task looked at orthographic neighbours (only differ by one letter)

Question 44

what did Grainger find out about relative position priming?

Answer 44

the presentation of orthographic neighbours of a word facilitated the recognition of the target word compared to unrelated control words ERPs showed that orthographic neighbours influenced the early stages of word processing

Question 45

who proposed the opn bigram model?

Answer 45

Grainger and van Heuven, 2003

Question 46

what is a bigram?

Answer 46

pair of consecutive letters within a sequence of elements eg) letter bigrams of apple are 'ap', 'pp', 'pl' and 'le'

Question 47

what is the open bigram model?

Answer 47

predicts the probability of a word occuring in a sequence based on the occurence of the preceding word codes the relative position of adjacent and non-adjacent letters using open bigrams

Question 48

how can the match overlap between a prime and target be calculated for open bigrams?

Answer 48

count the shared open bigrams between the prime and target model assumes a maximum of two intervening letters

Question 49

what did Perea and Lupker find out about the effects of transposed letter similarity?

Answer 49

conducted experiments using a masked priming paradigm when the target and prime words shared transposed letter similarity- participants showed faster response times and improved accuracy shows that word recognition is influenced by the existence of bigrams rather than strict positional coding

Question 50

who proposed the spatial coding model?

Answer 50

Davis, 2010

Question 51

what is the spatial coding model?

Answer 51

order of letters transformed in a set of temporal values assigned to each letter brain represents info in a spatially organised way

Question 52

what did Perea and Lupker find out about the role of semantics?

Answer 52

looked at word meaning processing eg) jugde can activate court