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Max Spinal 2 > Work Book > Flashcards

Work Book Flashcards

0
Q

What causes the formation of the lordotic curve in the lumbars?

A

Vertebral body and Intervertebral disc

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1
Q

What is the shape of the lumbar vertebral body?

A

Reniform

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2
Q

What muscles attach to the vertebral body in the lumbars?

A

Psoas major

Psoas minor

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3
Q

The presence of a space between vertebral segments and the spinal cord terminating at L1 makes the lumbar region an excellent site for?

A

Spinal taps

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4
Q

What shape is the vertebral Foramen of the lumbar region?

A

Triangular

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5
Q

Congenital elongation of the accessory process greater than 15mm is called a?

A

Styloid process

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6
Q

What are the general attachment sites of erector spinae muscles in the lumbar region?

A

Transverse process
Accessory process
Spinous process

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7
Q

Having the zygapophysis on one side of a vertebral couple in the Sagittal plane and the zygapophysis on the opposite side in the coronal plane is called?

A

Joint tropism/joint asymmetry

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8
Q

Spinous processes increasing in length as a result of aging and touching the adjacent spinous process is called?

A

Bastrup’s syndrome

Kissing spines

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9
Q

The transverse process of L5 originates from the ____________, ___________, and _____________.

A

Vertebral body
Pedicle
Pars Interarticularis

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10
Q

A defect in the pars Interarticularis region is called a?

A

Spondylolysis

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11
Q

Bilateral spondylolysis that generates instability and causes anterior displacement of the vertebral body is?

A

Spondylolisthesis

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12
Q

Cervical spondylolysis is more common in __________ at vertebral level_______.

A

More common in Men at C6

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13
Q

A spondylolysis that appears darker in the pars area on oblique x-Ray is commonly referred to as a?

A

Collared Scotty dog

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14
Q

What clinical condition fits the following description: associated with a pars defect, most common in men at L5/S1, increase in Sagittal diameter of spinal canal?

A

Isthmic spondylolisthesis

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15
Q

What clinical condition fits the following description: women, L4/L5, Sagittal diameter of the spinal canal doesn’t increase?

A

Degenerative spondylolisthesis

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16
Q

Elongation of the spinous process of L5 that enters the sacral spinal canal exhibiting spina bifida on extension is known as?

A

Knife-clasp syndrome

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17
Q

The sacrum typically consists of how many fused segments?

A

5

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18
Q

The posterior 1/3 of the sacral ala is the?

A

True transverse process

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19
Q

The anterior 2/3 of the sacral ala is the?

A

Costal element

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20
Q

The fusion of which vertebral parts form the median sacral crests?

A

Spinous process

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21
Q

The fusion of which vertebral parts form the intermediate sacral crests?

A

Superior Articular processes and facets and S1 mammillary process

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22
Q

The fusion of which vertebral parts form the lateral sacral crests?

A

Transverse tubercles

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23
Q

What represents the ossification of the bulging superior Epiphyseal rim of S1?

A

Sacral promontory

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24
Q

Name the muscle that attaches to the mammillary process of S1?

A

Multifidis

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25
Q

What 2 erector spinae muscles attach to the median sacral crest?

A

Iliocostalis lumborum

Longissimus thoracis

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26
Q

The coccyx typically consists of how many fused segments?

A

4

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27
Q

The occipital bone increasing in size or forming new ridges, prominences, or protuberances is called?

A

Cervicalization of occiput

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28
Q

What is the condition in which the chondrocranium persists longer than usual, and the skull appears to be sunk over C1 and/or C2?

A

Basilar impression

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29
Q

When the atlas fuses to the occipital bone, this is called?

A

Occipitalization of atlas/ assimilation of atlas

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30
Q

A subdental synchondrosis persisting beyond age 7 constitutes a?

A

Os odontoideum

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31
Q

A tip of the dens synchondrosis persisting beyond age 12 constitutes a?

A

Terminal ossicle

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32
Q

What are the facet orientations (S&I) at C6 if dorsalization of C7 occurs?

A

BUM; FoLD

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33
Q

Which gender is more likely to form a cervical rib?

A

Female

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34
Q

What percent of the population and gender bias is associated with lumbar ribs?

A

7% males

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35
Q

What are the facet orientations (S&I) at T11 if lumbarization of T12 occurs?

A

BUL; FoLD

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36
Q

Name the 2 main characteristics associated with lumbarization of S1?

A

Flaring of the sacral ala

Squaring of the vertebral body of S1

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37
Q

The vertebra with the greatest variability in the body is?

A

L5

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38
Q

Which curves of the spinal column are considered primary?

A

Thoracic and SacroCoccygeal

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39
Q

Which curves of the spinal column are considered secondary?

A

Cervical and lumbar

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40
Q

Name the clinical condition of kyphosis/hypo lordotic curve in the Cervicals?

A

Military neck

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41
Q

Name the clinical condition of kyphosis/hyperkyphotic curve in thoracics?

A

Hunchback/humpback

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42
Q

What surface/facet and rib number articulate with the inferior costal demifacet of T5?

A

Rib 6

Superior Articular facet

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43
Q

Which transversospinalis muscle groups attach to the T7 transverse process?

A

Semispinalis
Multifidis
Rotators

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44
Q

Which transversospinalis muscle groups attach to the T5 spinous process?

A

Semispinalis
Multifidis
Rotators

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45
Q

Which transversospinalis muscle lacks an attachment at the T10 spinous?

A

Semispinalis cervicis and capitis

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46
Q

What neural features occur in the vertebral Foramen of L3?

A

Cauda Equina

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47
Q

Which erector spinae muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?

A

Iliocostalis lumborum

Spinalis thoracis

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48
Q

What unique ligaments of the vertebral body are observed in the lumbar spine?

A

Transforaminal ligaments

Hoffman ligaments

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49
Q

Which muscles attach to the mammillary process?

A

Multifidis

Intertransversarii

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50
Q

The mammilo-accessory ligament may entrap which neural structure?

A

Medial branch of dorsal primary ramus

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51
Q

Which erector spinae muscles attach to the L3 spinous process?

A

Iliocostalis lumborum
Longissimus thoracis
Spinalis thoracis

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52
Q

What muscles attach along the median sacral crest?

A

Latissimus Dorsi
Iliocostalis lumborum
Longissimus thoracis

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53
Q

What percent of the population undergoes cervicalization of T1?

A

28%

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54
Q

What is the time of appearance of the “adult” cervical curve?

A

Within the 1st year after birth

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55
Q

When does the lateral curve first appear?

A

After 6 years of age

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56
Q

Name the muscle groups that have dorsal ramus innervation?

A 
Suboccipital 
Splenius
Erector spinae
Levator costarum
Interspinalis
Transversospinalis 
Intertransversarii
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57
Q

Which erector spinae muscle (specific) has an attachment to the ribs only?

A

Iliocostalis thoracis

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58
Q

Which erector spinae muscle group attaches from the base of the skull to the innominate?

A

Longissimus

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59
Q

Which erector spinae muscle group most likely attaches to the costal angle?

A

Iliocostalis

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60
Q

Which erector spinae muscle group most likely attaches to the spinous process?

A

Spinalis

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61
Q

Which erector spinae muscle group most likely attaches to the transverse process?

A

Longissimus

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62
Q

What is the primary low back pain muscle?

A

Multifidis

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63
Q

In the lumbars, the deepest Multifidis fibers are___________ and are homologous to the thoracic rotators.

A

Laminar fibers

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64
Q

The suboccipital muscles are thought to function as ____________ and are innervated by the ______________.

A

Postural stabilizers

Dorsal ramus of C1

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65
Q

What suboccipital muscle does not have attachment to the skull?

A

Obliquus capitis inferior

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66
Q

The intertransversarii and the interspinalis muscle group function as?

A

Proprioceptive transducers

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67
Q

Give the 2 innervations on the intertransversarii?

A

Dorsal and ventral rami

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68
Q

All of the posterior muscles have a ___________ ramus innervation?

A

Ventral

69
Q

Name the 6 classes of compounds of neuroactive substances?

A 
ACH
Amino acids
Biogenic amines
Peptides
Purines
Gases
70
Q

Name the 3 things chemoreceptors are sensitive to?

A

Increased H+ ions
Hypoxia
Hypercapnea

71
Q

What are the 4 locations of bipolar neurons?

A

Olfactory epithelium
Retina
Vestibular and cochlea ganglia

72
Q

Which sensory receptor (based on distribution-function classification) lies between exteroreceptors and interoreceptors?

A

Proprioceptors

73
Q

The encapsulated nerve ending sensitive to sudden changes and vibration are?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

74
Q

Which astrocyte population is located in the gray matter?

A

Protoplasmic astroglial cells

75
Q

Which astrocyte population is located in the white matter?

A

Fibrous astrocytes

76
Q

Name the 3 functions of astrocytes?

A

Glycogen metabolism
BBB
Clearance of ions and neurotransmitters

77
Q

Which oligodendria population is observed in white matter?

A

Interfascicular

78
Q

Microglial cells function in?

A

Phagocytosis

79
Q

A Schwann cell can myelinate how many axons?

A

1 axon

80
Q

An interfascicular oligodendrocyte can myelinate how many axons?

A

10-60

81
Q

What is the location of primary sensory cell bodies?

A

Ganglion

82
Q

What is the location of secondary sensory cell bodies?

A

Nucleus of termination

83
Q

What are the branchial arch derived cranial nerves?

A

5,7,9,10,11

84
Q

Which cranial nerves contain somatic efferent nerves?

A

3,4,6,12

85
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic motor fibers are ______; postganglionic parasympathetic motor fibers are _______.

A

Preganglionic are long

Postganglionic are short

86
Q

What cranial nerves exit from the anterior cranial fossa?

A

1

87
Q

What cranial nerves exit from the middle cranial fossa?

A

2-6

88
Q

What cranial nerves exit through the posterior cranial fossa?

A

7-12

89
Q

Name the opening out of the cranial vault for the olfactory nerve?

A

Cribriform plate of ethmoid

90
Q

Name the opening out of the cranial vault for the oculomotor?

A

Superior orbital fissure

91
Q

Name the opening out of the cranial vault for the trochlear nerve?

A

Superior orbital fissure

92
Q

Name the opening out of the cranial vault for the trigeminal branches?

A

Ophthalamic is superior orbital fissure
Maxillary is Foramen rotundum
Mandibular is Foramen ovale

93
Q

Name the opening out of the cranial vault for the abducens nerve?

A

Superior orbital fissure

94
Q

Name the opening out of the cranial vault for the facial nerve?

A

Internal acoustic meatus leaves vault

Stylomastoid Foramen leaves skull

95
Q

What is the anatomical classification of the olfactory nerve primary sensory neuron?

A

Bipolar

96
Q

The central sensory process of the olfactory penetrate the cribriform plate of the ethmoid as?

A

Fila olfactoria

97
Q

Secondary sensory neurons of olfaction are?

A

Mitral cells

98
Q

What is the 1st through 5th order neurons of the optic nerve?

A 
1st-photoreceptors 
2nd- bipolar cell neurons
3rd- ganglionic cell (forms optic nerve)
4th- lateral geniculate nucleus
5th- primary visual cortex/Calcarine sulcus
99
Q

What is the nucleus of termination for the optic nerve?

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

100
Q

Where is the brain center of interpretation for the optic nerve?

A

Primary visual cortex/Calcarine sulcus

101
Q

What forms the optic nerve?

A

Axons of ganglionic cells

102
Q

What is the nucleus of origin for the (somatic efferent) oculomotor nerve?

A

Oculomotor nuclear complex

103
Q

Name the muscles the oculomotor (somatic efferent) innervates?

A 
Superior Rectus
Medial Rectus
Inferior Rectus
Inferior oblique
Levator palpebrae superioris
104
Q

What is the nucleus of origin for the (parasympathetic motor) oculomotor nerve?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Accessory oculomotor?

105
Q

What ganglion is associated with the parasympathetic motor of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Ciliary ganglion

106
Q

Name the 2 muscles the parasympathetic motor oculomotor nerve innervates?

A

Sphincter pupillae
And
Ciliaris

107
Q

Name the only sensory nucleus that contains primary sensory neuron cell bodies?

A

Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal

108
Q

What is the nucleus of termination associated with somatic sensory of the oculomotor?

A

Spinal trigeminal nucleus

109
Q

Name the ganglion associated with the somatic sensory of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Gasserian ganglion of 5

110
Q

The somatic sensory pathways for cranial nerves 4 and 6 are the exact same as that for cranial nerve?

A

Cranial nerve 3

111
Q

The trochlear nerve is the only nerve to originate where?

A

From the dorsal surface of the brain

112
Q

The trochlear nerve is the only nerve to ________ from its nucleus of origin to ___________________?

A

Decussate to innervate a Contralateral muscle

113
Q

Name the target muscle for the somatic motor branch of the trochlear nerve?

A

Superior oblique

114
Q

Name the opening associated with the ophthalmic nerve?

A

Superior orbital fissure

115
Q

Name the opening associated with the maxillary nerve?

A

Foramen rotundum

116
Q

Name the opening associated with the mandibular nerve?

A

Foramen Ovale

117
Q

Name the ganglion involved with the somatic sensory branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Gasserian ganglion

118
Q

Name the nucleus of termination for the somatic sensory branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Spinal trigeminal nerve

119
Q

Name the other 3 cranial nerves that communicate with the ophthalmic nerve?

A

3,4,6

120
Q

Name the nucleus of origin of the branchial branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Trigeminal motor nucleus

121
Q

Name the 8 muscles innervated bythe branchial branch of the trigeminal nerve?

A 
Temporalis
Masseter 
Mylohyoid
Anterior belly of Digastric
Medial pterygoid 
Lateral pterygoid 
Tensor tympani
Tensor Veli Palatini
122
Q

Name the nucleus of origin for the abducens nerve?

A

Abducens motor nucleus

123
Q

Name the muscle the abducens innervates?

A

Lateral Rectus

124
Q

Name the nucleus of origin for the branchial branch of the facial nerve?

A

Facial motor nucleus

125
Q

The motor fibers of the branchial branch of the facial nerve exits the cranial vault via the?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

126
Q

The motor fibers of the branchial branch of the facial nerve exit the skull via the?

A

Stylomastoid Foramen

127
Q

Name the ganglion associated with the branchial branch of the facial nerve?

A

Geniculate

128
Q

Name the muscles innervated by the branchial branch of the facial nerve?

A 
Scalp
Muscles of the auricle
Stapedius
Stylohyoid
Posterior belly of Digastric
Buccinator
Platysma
129
Q

Peripheral sensory processes of the somatic sensory branch of the facial nerve are initially carried by branches of cranial nerve?

A

10

130
Q

Name the ganglion involved with the somatic sensory branch of the facial nerve?

A

Geniculate/genicular

131
Q

Another name for the sensory root of cranial nerve 7 is?

A

Nervus intermedius/ nerve of wrisberg

132
Q

Name the nucleus of termination for the somatic sensory branch of the facial nerve?

A

Spinal trigeminal nucleus

133
Q

Peripheral sensory processes of the special visceral sensory branch of the facial nerve are from the?

A

Anterior 2/3 of the tongue

134
Q

The peripheral sensory processes of the special visceral sensory branch of the facial nerve are initially carried in the _______________ and then continue into the ___________.

A

Lingual branch and then carried into the chorda tympani

135
Q

Name the ganglion involved with the special visceral sensory branch of the facial nerve?

A

Geniculate

136
Q

Name the nucleus of termination for the special visceral sensory branch of the facial nerve?

A

Gustatory nucleus of nucleus solitarius

137
Q

Know the pathway to the lacrimal gland from the visceral motor branch of the facial nerve? Holy fuck….

A 
Superior salivatory nucleus
Nervus intermedius
Geniculate ganglion
Great petrosal branch of facial nerve
Vidian nerve
Pterygopalatine ganglion
Maxillary nerve of 5
Zygomatic nerve
Zygomaticotemporal nerve
Lacrimal gland
138
Q

What is the pathway of the visceral motor branch of the facial nerve to the submandibular/sublingual glands? Another fun one!!!

A 
Superior salivatory nucleus
Nervus intermedius
Geniculate ganglion
Chorda tympani
Lingual nerve of 5
Submandibular ganglion
Glandular branches to submandibular and sublingual glands
Easy one!
139
Q

What is the unique feature of the hair cells of the organ of corti?

A

Stereocilia

140
Q

What is the ganglion associated with the hearing pathway of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Spiral ganglion

Bet you didn’t expect that one…

141
Q

The central sensory processes of the vestibulocochlear nerve leave the cranial vault through the?

A

internal acoustic meatus

142
Q

What is the nucleus of termination of the hearing pathway of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Cochlear nucleus

143
Q

Name the locations for the hair cells dealing with equilibrium?

A

Macula of the utricle and saccule and the crista ampullaris of the ampulla of the semicircular ducts

144
Q

What are the unique features of the hair cells of the equilibrium pathway of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Stereocilia and a single kinocilium

145
Q

What is the ganglion associated with the equilibrium pathway of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Vestibular/scarpa’s ganglion

146
Q

The central sensory processes of the equilibrium pathway leave the cranial vault through the?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

147
Q

What is the nucleus of termination for the equilibrium pathway?

A

Vestibular nucleus

148
Q

What is the name of the nucleus of the branchial motor pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Nucleus ambiguus

149
Q

Name the opening associated with the branchial motor pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Jugular Foramen

150
Q

What is the target muscle of the branchial motor pathway of glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Stylopharyngeus

151
Q

What is the nucleus of origin for parasympathetic parotid gland pathway?

A

Inferior salivatory nucleus

152
Q

After passing through the jugular Foramen, the preganglionic visceral efferent fibers of the parasympathetic parotid gland pathway become incorporated into the ______________ aka the nerve of ______________.

A

Incorporates into tympanic nerve aka the nerve of Jacobson

153
Q

From the tympanic nerve plexus, the parasympathetic parotid gland pathway continues as the _____________ nerve which forms and exits the temporal bone via the ______________.

A

Lesser/superficial petrosal forms and exits the temporal bone via the hiatus for the lesser petrosal nerve

154
Q

What is the name of the ganglion associated with the parasympathetic parotid gland pathway?

A

Otic/Arnold’s ganglion

155
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers of the parasympathetic parotid gland pathway give rise to communicating nerves, which become incorporated into what nerve?

A

Auriculotemporal nerve

156
Q

Name the ganglion associated with the somatic sensory pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Superior/jugular glossopharyngeal ganglion

157
Q

Name the nucleus of termination associated with the somatic sensory branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Spinal trigeminal nucleus

158
Q

The visceral sensory pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve starts with receptors located in the ____________ and the _____________.

A

Carotid sinus

Carotid body

159
Q

Name the ganglion associated with the visceral sensory path of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Inferior/petrosal glossopharyngeal ganglion

160
Q

Name the nucleus of termination for the visceral sensory pathway of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Gustatory nucleus of nucleus solitarius

161
Q

Taste receptors for the taste sensation path of glossopharyngeal nerve are located on the?

A

Posterior 1/3 of the tongue

162
Q

Name the ganglion associated with the taste sensation path of glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Inferior/petrosal glossopharyngeal ganglion

163
Q

Name the nucleus of termination for the taste sensation path of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Gustatory nucleus of nucleus solitarius

164
Q

What is the location of the cell body of a primary sensory/afferent neuron?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

165
Q

In spinal peripheral nerves, the synapse of the primary sensory neuron will be in the____________ on a secondary sensory neuron.

A

Dorsal horn

166
Q

The visceral division of spinal peripheral nerves targets smooth muscle and is under what type of control?

A

Involuntary control

167
Q

The subdivision of the visceral motor system with neurons aggregated along the GI tract is the?

A

Enteric

168
Q

What lies between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers along the entire gut length and influences peristaltic activity?

A

Myenteric plexus of Auerbach

169
Q

What lies between the circular layer and muscular is mucosa of the gut and influences the process of secretion/absorption?

A

Submucosal plexus of meissner

Max Spinal 2 (4 decks)

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