WORKPLACE ATTITUDES AND PERFORMANCE

Question 1

What is Performance defined as?

Answer 1

Task-related behaviour

Performance refers to how well individuals execute their job tasks.

Question 2

What does Effectiveness measure?

Answer 2

Output vs. expected standards

Effectiveness evaluates how well outcomes meet predetermined standards.

Question 3

Define Productivity in the context of workplace performance.

Answer 3

Effectiveness relative to cost/time

Productivity assesses the efficiency of resources used to achieve outputs.

Question 4

What are the two types of knowledge in the Model of Performance?

Answer 4

• Declarative Knowledge
• Procedural Knowledge

Declarative Knowledge refers to facts and understanding, while Procedural Knowledge pertains to skills.

Question 5

What are the components of Motivation in the Model of Performance?

Answer 5

• Choice
• Effort
• Persistence

Motivation influences how individuals engage with their tasks.

Question 6

What are Workplace Attitudes?

Answer 6

Feelings/beliefs about job, organisation, supervisor, etc.

Workplace attitudes reflect how employees perceive their work environment.

Question 7

List the key types of Workplace Attitudes.

Answer 7

• Job Satisfaction
• Job Involvement
• Organisational Commitment
• Perceived Organisational Support (POS)

These attitudes affect employee performance and retention.

Question 8

What is Job Satisfaction?

Answer 8

Positive feelings toward one’s job

Job satisfaction indicates how content an employee is with their job.

Question 9

Define Job Involvement.

Answer 9

Degree of psychological identification with work

Job involvement reflects how much a person is engaged with their job role.

Question 10

What is Organisational Commitment?

Answer 10

Emotional, normative, or necessity-based attachment

Organisational commitment determines how likely employees are to remain with the organisation.

Question 11

What does Perceived Organisational Support (POS) refer to?

Answer 11

Perception that the organisation values employees

High POS can lead to improved employee morale and performance.

Question 12

What are the three components of Work Engagement as defined by Schaufeli et al. (2002)?

Answer 12

• Vigour
• Dedication
• Absorption

These components indicate how engaged employees are in their work.

Question 13

What are the two types of measures for Job Satisfaction?

Answer 13

• Global Measures
• Facet Measures

Global measures assess overall satisfaction, while facet measures evaluate specific job aspects.

Question 14

What is an example of a Global measure for Job Satisfaction?

Answer 14

How satisfied are you with your job?

This question assesses overall job satisfaction.

Question 15

What are the facets measured by the Job Descriptive Index (JDI)?

Answer 15

• Pay
• Supervision
• Work
• Co-workers
• Promotion

The JDI evaluates satisfaction across multiple job dimensions.

Question 16

What is the correlation between Job Satisfaction and Performance?

Answer 16

Generally positive but modest relationship (r ≈ .30)

This indicates a weak yet positive link between these two variables.

Question 17

What factors can moderate the relationship between Job Satisfaction and Performance?

Answer 17

• Personal control
• Job complexity

Greater personal control and job complexity can strengthen the link.

Question 18

List the responses to Job Dissatisfaction according to Hirschman (1970).

Answer 18

• Voice (active)
• Loyalty (passive)
• Exit (active)
• Neglect (passive)

These responses indicate how employees may react to dissatisfaction.

Question 19

What are the consequences of Job Satisfaction?

Answer 19

• Fewer absences
• Lower turnover
• More Organisational Citizenship Behaviours (OCBs)

Satisfied employees tend to exhibit positive workplace behaviours.

Question 20

What does OCB stand for?

Answer 20

Organisational Citizenship Behaviours

OCB refers to discretionary efforts that enhance workplace functioning.

Question 21

What is the relationship between Pay and Job Satisfaction according to Judge et al. (2010)?

Answer 21

Weak relationship (r ≈ .15)

The impact of pay on job satisfaction diminishes as income increases.

Question 22

What are the Five Core Characteristics of the Job Characteristics Model (Hackman & Oldham, 1980)?

Answer 22

• Skill Variety
• Task Identity
• Task Significance
• Autonomy
• Job Feedback

These characteristics influence job motivation and satisfaction.

Question 23

What are the Critical Psychological States affected by the Job Characteristics Model?

Answer 23

• Meaningfulness
• Responsibility
• Knowledge of results

These states impact employee motivation and satisfaction.

Question 24

How does Job Involvement affect employee outcomes?

Answer 24

High involvement → higher performance, lower turnover

Employees who are more involved tend to perform better and stay longer.

Question 25

What are the three types of Organisational Commitment according to Meyer & Allen (1997)?

Answer 25

* Affective * Continuance * Normative ## Footnote Each type reflects different motivations for staying with an organisation.

Question 26

What does Job Embeddedness extend beyond?

Answer 26

The organisation; includes occupation, team, supervisor, community ## Footnote Job embeddedness reflects how deeply employees are integrated into their work and surrounding social structures.

Question 27

What does Perceived Organisational Support (POS) influence?

Answer 27

* Better performance * OCB * Commitment * Lower turnover/absenteeism ## Footnote High POS contributes to positive employee outcomes.

Question 28

Differentiate between Leadership and Management.

Answer 28

* Leadership: Vision, motivation, inspiration * Management: Planning, organising, controlling ## Footnote Leadership focuses on influence, while management is about maintaining order.

Question 29

What is the focus of Trait Approaches in Leadership Theories?

Answer 29

Identifying traits that predict effective leadership ## Footnote Early research found inconsistent results regarding leadership traits.

Question 30

What does the Path-Goal Theory (House, 1971) emphasize?

Answer 30

Leaders match style to employee/task needs ## Footnote This theory suggests that the effectiveness of leadership style depends on the context.

Question 31

List the leadership styles identified in the Path-Goal Theory.

Answer 31

* Directive * Supportive * Participative * Achievement-Oriented ## Footnote Each style is tailored to meet the needs of employees and tasks.

Question 32

What are the characteristics of Transformational Leadership according to Bass?

Answer 32

* Idealised Influence * Inspirational Motivation * Individualised Consideration * Intellectual Stimulation ## Footnote These characteristics lead to enhanced employee outcomes such as satisfaction and motivation.

Question 33

What is the Full-Range Leadership Model (Bass & Avolio, 1997)?

Answer 33

* Laissez-faire * Management by Exception * Contingent Reward * Transformational ## Footnote This model categorizes leadership styles based on their engagement levels.

Question 34

What does Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) Theory suggest?

Answer 34

Leaders form different relationships with different employees ## Footnote This theory highlights the importance of individual relationships in leadership effectiveness.

Question 35

What is the difference between ingroup and outgroup in LMX?

Answer 35

* Ingroup: High trust, more influence * Outgroup: Less support, lower morale ## Footnote The quality of leader-member exchanges can impact employee engagement and satisfaction.