workshop 2 & 3 Flashcards
(21 cards)
What are common symptoms of CSF leaks?
Intracranial hypotension, postural headache, loss of smell, blurred vision, hearing loss, pulsatile tinnitus, seizures, dizziness, neck pain, nausea, vomiting, balance or gait problems, runny nose
These symptoms can vary in severity and may overlap with other conditions.
What tests are used to diagnose CSF leaks?
CT scan, MRI scan, cisternogram
A cisternogram involves injecting radioactive material into the spine.
What are the primary causes of CSF leaks?
90% due to injury, 10% spontaneous (Ehlers Danlos and Marfan syndromes)
Spontaneous leaks can occur without any identifiable trauma.
How can CSF leaks be prevented?
Non-preventable and unpredictable
There are no established prevention strategies for spontaneous leaks.
What is the primary treatment for CSF leaks?
Mostly non-direct conservative treatment of rest and time, in some cases surgery and blood patches
Conservative management is often preferred initially.
What does a cisternogram evaluate?
How cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows around your brain or spine
This test is critical for identifying leaks or blockages in CSF flow.
What is the triune brain theory?
A theory suggesting that certain cognitive abilities, such as language and decision making, are absent in non-mammalian species
This theory has been challenged by findings in species like the Kea bird.
What significant finding changed the perception of Homo Naledi in relation to human evolution?
The PFC (prefrontal cortex) changed the way scientists see the evolutionary pathway of Homo sapiens
This finding suggests a more complex evolutionary history.
What are the three R’s proposed by Russel and Burch?
Replacement, Reduction, Refinement
These principles aim to enhance ethical practices in animal research.
What does myelination involve?
The process performed by Schwann Cells (peripheral NS) and Oligodendrocytes (central NS)
Myelination is crucial for the speed and efficiency of nerve signal transmission.
What is the function of myelin?
Forms insulating coating: myelin sheath
Myelin sheaths increase the speed of electrical impulses along axons.
What are the differences between myelinated and unmyelinated axons?
Myelinated: AP retriggered at each node, faster signal; Unmyelinated: passive spread of current
Myelination significantly enhances conduction velocity.
What are the advantages of myelination?
- Speed: Faster than unmyelinated
- Economy: Less Na+ enters during AP’s
Myelination reduces energy expenditure during action potentials.
What are some reasons for demyelination?
- Hereditary diseases (e.g., Tay-Sachs, Niemann-Pick)
- Stroke
- Infections
- Immune disorders
- Metabolic disorders
- Nutritional deficiencies (e.g., vitamin B12)
- Poisons (e.g., carbon monoxide)
- Drugs (e.g., ethambutol)
- Excessive use of alcohol
Demyelination can have various causes, leading to neurological issues.
What are the symptoms of meningitis?
Inflammation of the meninges, neck stiffness, fever, confusion, headaches, nausea, vomiting, seizures, coma, neurological deficits, sepsis
Meningitis can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
What is the primary test for diagnosing meningitis?
Spinal tap
A spinal tap allows for the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid.
What causes bacterial meningitis?
Bacterial meningitis is rarer but more serious than viral meningitis; also caused by fungi and parasitic infections
Prompt treatment is crucial for bacterial meningitis.
What are the prevention methods for meningitis?
Vaccination, antibiotics, social distancing
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent certain types of meningitis.
What treatments are available for meningitis?
Antibiotics, antiviral/fungal medications
Treatment varies depending on the cause of meningitis.
What surgical technique was used for a spontaneous CSF leak repair?
Underlay/onlay technique with fibrinogen/thrombin and a nasoseptal flap
This technique helps seal the leak effectively.
What was the outcome of the surgical repair for the CSF leak?
Postoperative control 12 months after surgery did not show recurrence
Successful repair indicates a positive prognosis.
