workshop 4&5 Flashcards
(15 cards)
What are the categories of drugs of abuse?
- Central nervous system depressants
- Central nervous system stimulants
- Opiates and Opioids (Narcotics)
- Hallucinogens
- Marijuana
These categories encompass a range of substances that affect the central nervous system in various ways.
What does the ATC classification system stand for?
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
This system categorizes drugs based on their anatomical and therapeutic properties.
What are the main classifications of psychotherapeutic drugs?
- International Pharmacopeia (WHO)
- European Pharmacopeia
- United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
These classifications help standardize drug information across different regions.
Define tolerance in psychopharmacology.
Diminished response to drugs over repeated or prolonged exposure
Tolerance results from physiological adaptations that maintain stability in a changing environment.
What is acute tolerance also known as?
Tachyphylaxis
This refers to an instant short-term effect of a drug on neurotransmitters and synaptic junctions.
What is pharmacodynamic tolerance?
Reduction in cellular response to a drug
This can involve desensitization of receptors or a reduction in receptor numbers.
What does pharmacokinetic tolerance involve?
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (ADME)
This results in a reduced amount of drug reaching the site of action.
What is behavioral tolerance?
Tolerance to a behavioral effect of a drug
This can occur through drug-independent learning or as a form of pharmacodynamic tolerance.
Define sensitivity in the context of drug response.
Increased response to a drug with repeated administration
This can amplify both therapeutic benefits and side effects.
What happens during withdrawal?
Reduction of a drug typically causes an opposite effect to the drug itself
This is due to internal systems attempting to maintain homeostasis.
What are the three main subdivisions of the brainstem?
- Midbrain (mesencephalon)
- Pons (metencephalon)
- Medulla (myelencephalon)
The brainstem is crucial for various physical and mental functions.
What is the function of the midbrain?
- Manages sleep
- Arousal
- Muscle tone
- Movement
- Vital reflexes
The midbrain plays a significant role in various essential functions.
What is the function of the pons?
Connection between cerebrum and cerebellum
It helps coordinate movement and is the origin of four cranial nerves.
What is the role of the medulla oblongata?
Centre for vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing
It is the most caudal portion of the brainstem and a conduit for nerve tracts.
What does the term ‘reticular formation’ refer to?
Large interconnected network of nuclei and neurons in the brainstem
It integrates input from all regions of the CNS and is essential for life.
