Workshop 7 Mennigitis, Alzhaimers, MS Flashcards
(21 cards)
Definitions of Septicaemia:
Presence of freely multiplying bacteria in the blood stream and toxins they release
Systemic illness with toxicity due to invasion of the bloodstream bacteria coming from local site of infection
Ssx include chills, fever, exhaustion and caused by bacteria and substances thry produce
Pachymeningitis
Inflammation of Dura Matter
(Less Common)
Leptomeningitis
inflammation in the arachnoid, subarachnoid space and pia ad very common
Which pathogens cause meningitis?
Viruses
Which Pathogens most commonly cause bacterial meningitis in neonates, teens, adults
Neonates: Group B stretococci & E.coli
Teens: Neisseria meningitides (=meningococcus) & Streptococcus pneumoina (pneumococcus)
Adults: Streptococcus pneumoina (pneumococcus)& Listeria monocytogenes
Common Manifestations of Meningitis
Very acute onset only severe manifestations
Fever high >39deg
Meningeal Irritation ssx,
Headache (often severe), neck pain and or stiffness, vomiting and or positive Brudkzinski’s sign, Positive Kernings Signs
Less Common Manifestations Meningitis
Signs indicating possible encephalits: confusion, drowsiness, lethargy and fitting
Photophobia(dislike bright light), phonophobia(unwanted hear of sound). joint mm pain, haemorrhagic rash
Classic Triad of Mennigitis
Headache, Neck Stiffness and Fever
DD’s for Meningitis:
Stroke, Medication-induced menningitis, Neoplasia affecting the menniges or brain, CNS vasculitis
Define Dementia
A syndrome caused by the loss of cortical neurons
Alzheimer’s Dementia
specific pattern of cognitive changes and structures/biological changes to secondary to the loss of loss of cortical neurons
Which part of the CNS are neurons mostly lost in AD?
Frontal lobes
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the Brain
Inflammation Triggers to Meningitis
Infection (most Common)
Adverse Reaction to medication
Auto-Immune Disease (lupus)
Causes of Direct Spread (Mennigiits)
Pathogen leaks to CSF
Anatomical Defect- Spina Bifida (Congential)
Skull Fractuce (Acquired)
Amyloid Plaque
Clumps of insoluble protein fragments called beta-amyloids which accumulate to form plaques b/w nerve cells (neurons) in brain
Beta amyloids are toxic neurons, activate to the immune system and result in low grade inflammation and neural damage
Neurofibrillary Triangle:
insoluble twisted fibres found in cytoplasm of neurons
Fibres have consist protein called tau which forms part of microtubules found within neurons.
Microtubules form abnormal combination of tau protein which are toxins to neuron.
Clinical Manifestions of AD
COGNITIVE
Short-Term Memory Loss
Language Problems
Long Term Memory Loss
BEHAVIOURAL
Personal changes
MOOD
Aniexty, Apathy
PSYCHOLOGICAL
depression
MOTOR
Loss of Motor Skills
DD’s for AD’s
Depression
Vitamin B-12 deficiency
Age-Associated Memory Impairment
Cerebrovascular Disease
Hearing or Visual Impairment
Manifestations of MS
BRAINSTEAM MOTOR PATHWAYS
Ataxia
Intention Tremors
CRANIAL NERVE
Dysarthria
Eye Pain
Loss of Vision
Dysphagia
Optic Neuritis
Diplopia
SPINAL CORD SENSORY PATHWAYS
Pins/Needles
Numbness
Paraesthia
Lhermittie’s signs
CORTEX
Depression/anxiety
Poor Concentration
DD’s for MS
Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Spinal cord neoplasms, Spinal cord Infarcts