Wright Text

Question 1

Academic Language proficiency

Answer 1

Refers to the level of language proficiency students need to successfully comprehend and perform grade-level academic tasks. The level of proficiency needed varies widely depending on the language demands and nature of the tasks.

Question 2

Accommodations

Answer 2

Refers to modifications in the testing environment or testing procedures, or modifications to the test instrument itself, that are intended to make up for the student’s lack of proficiency in the language of the test.

Question 3

Additive Bilingualism

Answer 3

A situation in which a second language is eventually added to a student’s native language without replacing it.

Question 4

Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)

Answer 4

The amount of progress a school or school district must make each year towards reaching target objectives under the federal NCLB act of 2001.

Question 5

Affective filter

Answer 5

Refers to affective factors, such as fear, anxiety, that can block comprehensible input and thus prevent second language acquisition. Lowering the affective filter allows learners to receive more comprehensible input and thus enables them to acquire more of the second language.

Question 6

Analytic Scoring

Answer 6

A form of assessment that focuses on several aspects of a student’s performance, normally guided by a rubric that includes separate analytic scales.

Question 7

Annual Measurable Achievement Objectives (AMAOs)

Answer 7

Targets set by each state, as required by the federal NCLB act of 2001, that indicate the percentage of students at each grade level expected to pass each state test. The AMAOs increase toward the goal of 100% of students passing each test by 2014.

Question 8

Assessment

Answer 8

The process of collecting and analyzing a wide variety of data from students that provides evidence of their learning and growth over an extended period.

Question 9

Bias

Answer 9

In testing, refers to the unfair advantages or disadvantages that may be given to certain students that can impact their performance.

Question 10

Bilingual Education Act or Title VII

Answer 10

Added in 1968 as Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Before NCLB, it provided federal support for bilingual and other programs for ELL students and their families on a competitive grant basis.

Question 11

Bilingual Immersion Programs

Answer 11

For language minority students who are English dominant and native English speakers who desire to become bilingual. 2 years 90%-100% second language, after that 50% both languages.

Question 12

Cognates

Answer 12

Words that are similar in two languages because they come from the same root.

Question 13

Comprehensible Input

Answer 13

Oral or written language that is slightly above an ELL’s current level of proficiency in the second language and thus provides linguistic input that leads to second language acquisition.

Question 14

Comprehensible Output

Answer 14

Oral or written language produced by an ELL speaker that is comprehensible to the individual or individuals with whom s/he is communicating.

Question 15

Concepts of Print

Answer 15

Refers to such reading-related issues as understanding the difference between letters/words/spaces, reading left to right, etc.

Question 16

Concurrent translation

Answer 16

Line by line exact translation into native language, not good because it takes away the need to learn the second language.

Question 17

Content-based Instruction (CBI)

Answer 17

An approach to second language instruction in which content-area subjects and topics are used as the basis of instruction.

Question 18

Cooperative learning

Answer 18

A process in which small groups of students collaborate and interact to accomplish a specific task or activity.

Question 19

Developmental bilingual education (DBE)

Answer 19

A form of bilingual education for ELL students, who initially receive about 90% of content-area instruction in their L1, and 10% through sheltered instruction.

Question 20

Dual Language Programs

Answer 20

A variety of bilingual program models for ELL and English-proficient students designed to help them become bilingual and biliterate. Also called two way immersion.

Question 21

Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)

Answer 21

The main body of federal education policy and law and source for education funding to state and local educational agencies. Passed in 1965.

Question 22

Emergent, Early, Early fluency, and fluency levels of literacy development

Answer 22

The stages/levels beginning readers go through during their literacy development

Question 23

Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 (EEOA)

Answer 23

Federal law: “No state shall deny educational opportunities to an individual on account of his/her race, color, sex, or national origin.” Mandates that educational agencies take appropriate actions to help ELL students overcome language barriers that impede equal participation in school.

Question 24

Fluent English Proficient (FEP)

Answer 24

The official designation for former ELL students who have attained sufficient English proficiency to meet their state’s criteria for redesignation.

Question 25

14th Amendment

Answer 25

Ratified in 1868 "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the US; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Several lawsuits regarding ELL education have been argued under this law.

Question 26

Guided reading

Answer 26

Literacy instruction for small homogenous groups of students are matched to texts at their appropriate instructional level, and the teacher provides support as students attempt to read the texts on their own.

Question 27

Heritage language programs

Answer 27

For language minority students to develop of maintain their heritage language. I.E. bilingual programs for ELLs, foreign language classes, community-based after school/weekend.

Question 28

Holistic Scoring

Answer 28

A form of assessment in which a student's performance is given a single score that represents an overall judgment of the performance as a whole.

Question 29

Independent reading

Answer 29

Reading students are able to do on their own with little or no support

Question 30

Independent writing

Answer 30

Writing students are able to do on their own with little or no support.

Question 31

Interactive writing

Answer 31

Writing instruction for ELL students who are at the beginning stage of writing, in which the teacher and the students compose a short sentence or paragraph. The teacher helps the students construct the sentence or sentences in enlarged text by guiding individual students as they come up to add individual letters or words, and helping them to make relevant sound-symbol correspondences.

Question 32

Invented spelling, developmental spelling, transitional spelling, or temporary spelling

Answer 32

Temporary stage emergent writers may go through as they rely on their knowledge of sound-symbol correspondences to write words as they sound them out.

Question 33

Journals

Answer 33

Notebooks in which students write regularly to practice and develop their writing skills.

Question 34

language experience approach

Answer 34

students dictate stories based on their own experiences and teachers transcribe the students' dictations into texts and then use these texts for reading instruction

Question 35

language majority students

Answer 35

students who are native speakers of the standard language variety spoken by the dominant group of a given society

Question 36

language minority students

Answer 36

students who are not native speakers of the dominant language

Question 37

Lau Remedies

Answer 37

regulations issued by the U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights following the U.S. Supreme Court Decision Lau v. Nichols (1974), outlining requirements for school districts and schools to address the needs of ELL students.

Question 38

lexicon

Answer 38

the vocabulary of a language

Question 39

limited English proficient (LEP)

Answer 39

label for students who have not yet attained proficiency in English. Official legal designation in federal and state legislation.

Question 40

minimal pairs

Answer 40

words that differ by a single phoneme, used to help students distinguish specific sounds that change the meanings of words and help students improve their pronunciation

Question 41

modeled writing

Answer 41

writing instruction: teacher makes a text in enlarge print, demonstrating a variety of writing strategies and techniques students are expected to learn and use in their own writing.

Question 42

morphology

Answer 42

the study of the structure of words. the smallest unit of study is the morpheme, the smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function

Question 43

Morpheme

Answer 43

the smallest unit of meaning or grammatical function

Question 44

multiple measures

Answer 44

different forms of formal and informal formative and summative assessments used together to provide accurate measures of what a student knows and can do.

Question 45

multi-trait scoring

Answer 45

scoring a piece of student writing by considering several traits.

Question 46

narrow reading

Answer 46

independent recreational reading on several books of the same subject, author, or genre

Question 47

native language instruction

Answer 47

instruction in one or more content areas in the native language of ELL students

Question 48

newcomer programs

Answer 48

for beginning level ELL students who have been in the US for only 1-2 years. Intensive English instruction, maybe some native language instruction and primary language support

Question 49

No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB)

Answer 49

a reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Places heavy emphasis on accountability through standards and high-stakes testing.

Question 50

peer assessment

Answer 50

students' assessments of each others' work or performances

Question 51

Performance assessment

Answer 51

students are evaluated on their ability to perform a specific academic task or set of related tasks.

Question 52

personal word book

Answer 52

a book for each student that contains a list of high frequency words and other words students commonly ask for when they write. room to record own words during the year

Question 53

phonics

Answer 53

reading instruction in which student learn the phonetic value (sounds) of individual letters and combinations of letters.

Question 54

phonology

Answer 54

the study of the sound systems of languages

Question 55

portfolio assessment

Answer 55

assessment of student work collected throughout the school year and organized in a portfolio. Enables the assessment of students' progress and growth based on authentic samples of student work.

Question 56

pragmatics

Answer 56

The study of language in use, that is, how individuals produce and interpret language in social interaction in specific contexts

Question 57

preview-review

Answer 57

A form of primary language support in which a lesson or read-aloud to be conducted in English is previewed, and then reviewed, in the native language of the ELL students

Question 58

primary language support (PLS)

Answer 58

Using student's native language during ESL or sheltered English content-are instruction to make the English instruction more comprehensible.

Question 59

primary trait scoring

Answer 59

scoring a piece of student writing by focusing on one writing trait.

Question 60

process writing

Answer 60

writing instruction in which students are guided through five stages: pre-writing, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. Associated with Writer's Workshop.

Question 61

Proposition 203

Answer 61

an English for the Children voter initiative passed in Arizona in 2000, placing restrictions on bilingual education. (Only English instruction)

Question 62

Proposition 227

Answer 62

an English for the Children voter initiative passed in California in 1998, placing restrictions on bilingual education. (Only English instruction)

Question 63

pull-out ELL

Answer 63

Students are placed in Gen Ed classrooms/ sheltered English immersion classrooms, but are regularly pulled out for English instruction by an ESL teacher.

Question 64

read-alouds

Answer 64

Anytime a proficient reader reads books/texts to a student or students

Question 65

Reader's Workshop

Answer 65

A structure for reading instruction often used in secondary schools that enables teachers to tailor instruction to students' strengths, interests, and needs.

Question 66

reading self-assessments

Answer 66

tools or procedures used by students to assess their own reading performance

Question 67

reading wars

Answer 67

phonics vs. whole language debate

Question 68

Read/Write Web

Answer 68

The interactive feature of the internet that allows users to both read and write Internet content

Question 69

redesignation

Answer 69

reclassification of a student from ELL or LEP, to fluent English proficient (FEP), based on district or state criteria

Question 70

register

Answer 70

Variation in the use of language based on the context in which the language is used.

Question 71

Reliability

Answer 71

the consistency with which a test or assessment measures what it is measuring.

Question 72

running record

Answer 72

a reading assessment tool that provides a visual record of a student's reading performance word by word on a specific text

Question 73

sample performance indicators

Answer 73

a feature of TESOL ELPS that provides examples of how to implement the standards. Grade-level academic tasks are broken down into descriptions of the level of performance that can be reasonably expected from ELL students at each of the five levels of English proficiency.

Question 74

scaffolding

Answer 74

support/assistance provided to a student withing his/her ZPD by a more knowledgeable other to help the student learn a new concept of develop new skills

Question 75

self-assessment

Answer 75

students' assessment of their own performances, typically guided by a checklist or rubric

Question 76

semantics

Answer 76

the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences

Question 77

shared writing

Answer 77

reading instruction in which the teacher, in collaboration with the students, constructs an enlarged text. Students suggest sentences and revisions and the teacher models the use of a variety of writing strategies students are expected to use in their own writing.

Question 78

sheltered English immersion (SEI)

Answer 78

a program model for ELLs that combines ESL, sheltered content-area instruction, and primary language support. Also structured English immersion.

Question 79

sheltered instruction

Answer 79

grade-level content area instruction provided in English in a manner that makes it comprehensible to ELLs while supporting their English language development

Question 80

Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP)

Answer 80

A tool for planning, implementing, and evaluating sheltered English content-area instruction

Question 81

silent period

Answer 81

a period many new learners of a second language go through before they feel comfortable speaking in the new language

Question 82

Student Oral Language Observation Matrix (SOLOM)

Answer 82

as assessment of student's oral language proficiency using an analytic scoring rubrics that focuses on the aspects of comprehension, fluency, vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar.

Question 83

specially designed academic instruction in English (SDAIE)

Answer 83

another term for sheltered instruction, preferred in California and other states because it places emphasis on the fact that such instruction is academically rigorous but specially designed to match the linguistic needs of the student.

Question 84

standard error of measurement (SEM)

Answer 84

a statistical measure that indicates a range of trustworthiness of an individual student's standardized test score. (50 +/- 3)

Question 85

submersion

Answer 85

the process of placing ELL students in a mainstream classroom where they do not receive any ESL, sheltered content instruction, or primary language support (sink or swim).

Question 86

subtractive bilingualism

Answer 86

the second language replaces the first language

Question 87

summative assessment

Answer 87

assessments that provide a summary of what a student knows or can do. End of year, unit, semester

Question 88

syntax

Answer 88

the study of the rules governing the relationships between words and the ways they are combined to form phrases and sentences.

Question 89

thematic teaching

Answer 89

teaching all subjects using one central topic

Question 90

thematic word chart

Answer 90

a list of vocabulary words for the current topic/theme

Question 91

total physical response (TPR)

Answer 91

a language teaching approach in which students physically respond to language input to internalize the meaning and to demonstrate their comprehension of the language

Question 92

transitional bilingual education (TBE)

Answer 92

a program model for ELL students in which native language content-area instruction is provided of the first few years of the program, in addition to sheltered English content-area instruction and ESL. Native language gradually decreases

Question 93

validity

Answer 93

the accuracy of a test or assessment in measuring what it purports to measure

Question 94

whole language

Answer 94

a philosophy of reading instruction that takes a top-down approach to literacy development, focuses on reading comprehension of the whole text.

Question 95

word study

Answer 95

short lessons focusing on the morphological or semantic properties of words and related sets of words.

Question 96

word wall

Answer 96

an enlarged list of words organized alphabetically and displayed on a classroom wall to support students' vocabulary and literacy development.

Question 97

Writer's Workshop

Answer 97

an instructional approach to writing in which students work independently and at their own pace as they move through the five stages of process writing with teacher and peer guidance and support.

Question 98

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Answer 98

refers to a metaphorical space between what an individual can do on his/her own, and what s/he can do with support from a teacher or more knowledgeable person.