written exam Flashcards
(261 cards)
1
Q
can you palpate the spermatic cord in the Equine rectum?
A
Yes, both of them
2
Q
Portion of the Eq kidney in the greater mesentery?
A
Left or right dorsal
3
Q
How does the Horse colon travel?
A
Right ventral - Sternal flexure - left ventral - Pelvic flexure - left dorsal - diaphragmatic flexure - right dorsal (ampulla coli)
4
Q
Which kidney can be rectally palpated in the Eq?
A
caudal pole of Left kidney
(Right is fused with the head of the caecum)
5
Q
which ingual ring can you feel in Eq rectal examination?
A
Deep ingual ring
6
Q
What ligaments attach the patellar in horses?
A
Medial, intermediate and lateral patellar ligaments
7
Q
which species has a patellar lymph node?
A
Eq it is the subiliac lymph node
8
Q
which meniscus in the Eq is not attached to the femur?
A
Medial meniscus
(the lateral is attached by the meniscifemoral ligament)
9
Q
injection into the tarsal joint?
A
Eq 2 points:
- tibio-tarsal joint: dorsomedial aspect between the tibia and talus (feel softening between the bone.
- tarsal MT joint (more problematic) : either medial between Tc-T3 in a slight gapmedially or Lateral between T4 - splint bone, next to the widening of the splint bone
10
Q
direction of the transverse colon in Eq?
A
Right - Left
11
Q
describe the ascending colon in Eq?
A
horseshoe shaped
12
Q
on which side in the Eq is the spleen?
A
Left dorsal (cranial)
13
Q
on which side in the Eq is the Ostium iliocaecale?
A
Right mid - ventral
14
Q
which side in the Eq is the jejunum?
A
Left dorsal (caudal)
15
Q
on which side in the Eq is the flexure pelvina?
A
Left ventral colon - left dorsal colon (Left caudoventral)
16
Q
in the Eq does the femoro patellar joint capsule communicate with the lateral or medial femoro-tibial capsule
A
Medial femoro tibial capsule
17
Q
How to treat “club hoof”?
A
Cut accessory ligament of deef digital flexure or superficial digital flexure (either ligaments may be too short)
18
Q
how to treat bone spavin?
A
transect cuteon tendon of tibialis cranialis
19
Q
innervation of the Eq head?
A
Eyes: N. abducens, N. trochlearis, N. occulomotorious, N. opticus and N. opthalmicus (V1)
muscles: N.trigeminalis (motor to mastacatory and sensory to skin) & N.facialis (mimeric), N.vagus & N. glossopharyngeal, and N. hypoglossus, & C1 + 2
20
Q
where can yopu find the head of the caecum in the Eq?
A
on the right side dorsally. the apex is at the sternum and the base is at the fossa paralumbalis
21
Q
eruption of Di 2 (decidous incisor 2) in Eq?
A
6 weeks (1-2 months)
22
Q
direction of the ileum in Eq?
A
From left to right
23
Q
what is arthrotomy of fetlock joint?
A
Removal of apical sesamoid fracture
24
Q
which sinus does not communicate with the maxillary sinus in Eq?
A
Frontal
25
**Eq** maxillary sinus rostralis et caudalis is separated by what?
septum maxillaris
26
**Eq** caudal maxillary sinus communicates with what?
Sphenopalatine sinus
conchofrontal sinus
27
Frontal sinus is connected to which concha?
Dorsal
28
What diverticulum can you feel in the rectal examination of ruminants?
**suburethral diverticulum**
## Footnote
- floor of the vestibule
- urethral orifice is a small opening on the cranial side of the neck of the diverticulum
- catheter can be difficult to insert due to the diverticulum
29
which species have a suburethral diverticulum?
Sus + Ru (female)
30
name the patellar ligaments in cattle?
_medial_ , _intermediate_, _lateral patellar_ ligaments
31
dental formula of a cow?
0-0-3-3
3-1-3-3
32
where is the best place to check for a pulse in **Bo**?
coccygeal artery
facial and palmar arteries
33
folds in the portiovaginalis?
Bo
34
what is the direction of the hilus in the left kidney of **Ru**?
Dorsal
35
the left kidney is situated more to the right in **Ru** because of the presence of what?
The rumen
36
which sinus extends into the horns?
the frontal sinus
37
what is the position of the omasum to the reticulum?
dorsal to the reticulum covered by the omentum, faces liver on the right
38
where is the greater omentum attached in **Ru**?
sulcus longitudinalis of the rumen
39
how is the sinus system of **Ru** separated?
- maxillary sinus communicates with lacrimal sinus and palatine sinus
- ethmoidal sinus communicates with the sphenoid and frontal sinuses
frontal sinus is divided by a septum into rostral and caudal
40
position of the reticulum?
left ventral abdominal wall, starts at 6-7 Intercostal space, situated cranial and ventral, directly ventral to cardia
41
how is the sigmoid flexure of **colon** of a **bull** related to the defferent duct?
its caudal to the deferent duct
(in **Sus** its cranial to the defferent duct)
42
which features are found in rectal examination of **Ru**?
- Left = Rumen, abomasum, spleen
- middle = both kidneys, left ureter, ovaries
- right = small intestines, caudal flexure of duodenum, bladder, uterus, colon
43
what are the injection sites for the **Ru**?
## Footnote
1. V. jugularis
2. V. coccygeus
3. V. epigastricus superficialis (milk vein)
44
which nerve must be anaesthetised when dehorning?
N. auriculopalpebralis
+
N. zygomaticotemporal
45
which nerves are anaesthetised when dehorning?
- Trigeminal - **N.cornualis**, **N. zygomaticotemporal**,
- nerve block of zygomatic process of frontal bone ~ 2cm above arch in recess
46
on which side of the greater omentum is the colon descendens found in **Ru**?
lamina visceralis
47
on which side of the greater omentum is the centripetal colon found?
lamina visceralis
48
positioning of the greater omentum in **Ru**?
- lamina visceralis - ascending colon, jejunum
- lamina parietalis - liver, spleen, kidney
49
is the abomasum in contact with the abdominal wall?
Yes
(however abomasum is not _Fixed_ in position moving/shifting L-R)
50
Position of the Rumen?
Left
51
which organ can you find on the right side of the abomasum?
liver (cranial and right)
= right side displacement - may move between the liver and right abdominal wall, obvious outbulging to one side: use percussion and you will hear
52
what is the abomasum in contact with to the right?
the liver
53
which organ can you find caudal to the omasum?
abomasum
54
where can you find the liver in **Ru**?
slightly to the right of reticulum and omasum
55
position of gall bladder in **Ru**?
at the 10th- 11th IC space on the right
(gall bladder in Ru is particularly large and at the level of the tuber coxae)
56
intercostal space of reticulum?
6-8 ic space
57
describe the colon ascendens of **Ru**?
- it has a proximal s-shaped loop (towards caudal)
- flattened spiral centrepetal loops (inwards)
- flexure centralis
- Flattened spiral Centrifugal loops (outwards)
- distal loop ( towards left)
58
does the frontal sinus of **cattle** communicate with the maxillary sinus?
never
59
folds of the rumen?
- villi
- left and right accessory grooves
- left and right longitudinal grooves
- dorsal and ventral coronary grooves
- cranial and caudal grooves
- ruminoreticular groove
60
what are the puncta maxima of the heart?
**Ca:**
pulmonary trunk: 3 ic (above sternum)
aorta: 4 ic (level of shoulder)
LAV: 5 ic (distal third)
RAV: 4 ic (distal third)
**Eq:**
pulmonary trunk: 3 ic (mid to distal third)
Aorta: 4 ic (5 cm below shoulder)
LAV: 4-5 ic (distal third)
RAV: 3-4 ic (8cm above sternum)
**Ru:**
pulmonary trunk: 2-3 ic space ( distal third)
Aorta: 3-4 ic (2cm below shoulder)
LAV: 4 ic ( distal third)
RAV: 3 ic (distal third)
61
where can you find the cardiac dullness in **Ru**?
- heart covered by lungs on the right side
- on the LHS 3-4 IC
62
where can you find cardiac dullness in **Eq**?
Left hand side: 3-5 Ic space
Right hand side: 4-5 ic space
63
where can you find cardiac dullness in **Ca**?
Left hand side: 4-6 Ic space
Right hand side: 4-5 ic space
64
relative dullness in **Eq** and **Ru**?
- 3-4cm (around absoloute dullness
65
relative dullness in **Ca**?
1-2 cm
66
reason for absoloute dullness?
due to the leftward shift of the heart, its incontact with the thorax wall in a small area: absoloute dullness
67
what is relative dullness of the heart?
when the heart isnt in direct contact with the thoracic wall - its covered partly by the lungs, decreased resonance
68
what recess surrounds the acute margins of the **lung**?
costodiaphragmatic recess of the pleura
69
what is the role of the recessus costodiaphragmaticus?
can act as a fluid trap
70
which male accessory gland is found around the neck of the bladder in the **Dog**?
the prostate gland
71
which lymph node is found in front of (cranial to) scapula?
superficial cervical lymph node
72
where would you administer a common peroneal (fibular) nerve block in a **dog**?
muscular groove between lateral and long digital extensors
73
nerve block site for the common fibular nerve in **Eq**?
on the lateral side 12-15 cm proximal to the tuber calcanei, muscular groove between long and lateral digital extensors
(nerve not palpeable at injection site)
74
what is the lateral point of injection into the stifle?
**Eq** + **Ca**: at joint recesses of extensor groove (inject next to long digital extensor
75
does the perineum cover the cervix?
yes cervix is in the pelvic cavity
(Perimetrum is most exterior part of the uterus)
76
does the mediastimum cover the cervix?
no
77
innervation of nerve II (optic nerve)?
vision, transmission of light (pupillary reflex)
78
efferent nerve of pupillary reflex?
occulomotor nerve (III)
79
motot nerve with pupillary reflex?
Occulomotor nerve (III)
80
Pupillary reflex?
Afferent = N. opticus
Efferent = N. occulomotorious
81
innervation of N. occulomotorious (III)?
- dorsal/ medial/ ventral rectus muscles
- ventral oblique muscle
- levator palpebral muscle
(muscles of the eye and constrictors of the pupil)
82
what is auscultation/ percussion?
- auscultation = listening, either through a stethoscope or directly, to the **sounds within the body** (e.g. heart beat)
- Percussion = drumming/tapping with the fingers on the surface of part of the body to **detect resonance of organs**
83
which sound is the first heart sound?
start of Systole (closure of the bicuspid valve)
84
which is the second heart sound?
the start of diastole ( closure of the semilunar valves of the pulmonary trunk)
85
which heart wall lies more cranially?
right wall of atrium
86
when **cant** you hear the heart sounds?
during inspiration
87
when **can** you hear the heart sounds?
during expiration
88
where is the oesophagus placed in the upper neck?
- cervical part = dorsal to trachea
- proximal/ middle neck = to the left of the trachea
89
mammary glands of **Eq**?
2 inguinal
| (two openings at each teat)
90
mammary glands of the **cow**?
4 inguinal
| (1 opening at each teat)
91
mammary glands of **small** **Ru**?
2 inguinal
(1 opening at each teat)
92
mammary glands of the **Sow**?
4 thoracic
6 abdominal
4 inguinal
(2/3 openings at each teat)
93
mammary gland of the **bitch**?
4 thoracic
4 abdominal
2 inguinal
(12 openings at each teat)
94
mammary glands of the **Queen**?
4 thoracic
2 abdominal
2 inguinal
(3 openings at each teat )
95
location of the spleen in **poultry**?
- left side.
- located near the gizzard in the body cavity visible at the junction between the gizzard and stomach
- medial plane beside the proventriculus
- incontact with the liver
96
dental formula of the **dog**?
3-1-4-2
3-1-4-3
(42 teeth in total)
97
dental formula of the **swine**?
3-1-4-3
3-1-4-3
(44 teeth in total)
98
rib number in different species?
**Ca:** 13 each side (26)
**Eq:** 18 each side (36)
**Ru:** 14 each side (28)
**Sus:** 14-15 each side (28-30)
99
pulse taking from the metatarsal?
from the dorsal aspect (cranial tibial artery)
100
where is the gall bladder of the **dog**?
on the right of the median plane, between the quadrate and right medial lobes of the liver
101
which sound is the most cranial sound of the heart?
pulmonary valve/ pulmonary trunk semilunar valves
Pulmonary trunk = 3rd IC
Aorta = 4th IC
102
sinus lacrimalis is found in which species?
Ru + Sus
103
sinus palatinus is absent in?
Ca and Sus
| (In **Eq** sphenopalatine sinus)
104
sinus sphenidalis is absent in?
dog and small Ru
105
facial nerve is responsible for?
mimics, facial expressions and skin
106
can the stomach of the dog border with the abdominal wall?
sometimes (when full)
107
which lameness indicates joints degeneration?
supportive leg lameness (warm up pain)
108
which lameness indicates muscle, tendon, ligament disorders?
swinging leg lameness (difficulty to bring leg forward)
109
which ligament is attached to the joint capsule of the stifle?
medial collateral ligament
110
the lateral and medial joint capsule of which species communicate?
Dog and Ru
(**Eq** complete septum prevents communication)
111
injection points into fetlock?
two sites:
1. **through the dorsal recess**: obliquely lateral or medial to the extensor tendon
2. **through palmar recess** (easier): extends between the cannon bone, suspensory ligament, end of splint bones and proximal sesamoids
(injection point it dorsal to suspensory ligament)
112
how to check bone spavin?
a) hindlimb conformation
b) hyperextension of the metacarpopharyngeal joints. passive flexion of the joint & accentuation of lameness following flexion
113
lung borders?
**Eq:**
Vc: 17
Tc: 16
Ti: 14
Sh: 9
**Ru:**
Vc: 12
Tc: 11
Ti: -
Sh: 8
**Ca:**
Vc: 12
Tc: 11
Ti: 10
Sh: 8
**Sus:**
Vc: 12
Tc: 11
Ti: 9
Sh: 7
114
intravenous injection sites of the **Dog**?
V. jugularis externa
V. saphenus
V. cephalica
115
intravenous injection of the **Eq**:
V. jugularis ext
| (V. cephalic?)
116
what borders the viborg's triangle?
rostral: vertical border of mandible
ventral: facial vein
Dorsal: insertion of m. sterocephalicus
117
pulse taking in **Eq**:
facial artery
transverse facial artery
auxillary artery
coccygeal artery
118
pulse taking in the **Ca**:
Femoral artery
119
pulse taking in the **Ru**?
coccygeal artery
120
pulse taking in the **Eq** hindlimb?
dorsal pedal artery on lateral surface of metatarsal
121
which structures lie within the inc. vasorum facialum?
facial vein & artery and parotid duct
122
spleen location in **Eq**?
18th - 10th ribs LHS
123
spleen location in **Sus**?
left costal arch of diaphragm
124
spleen location in **Ca**?
10th to 13th rib LHS
125
spleen loaction in **Ru**?
7-8th rib to 12-13th ribs LHS
126
which nerve supplies the nostrils?
maxillary nerve - via infraorbital nasalis caudalis
opthalmic nerve - via nasociliare
127
which mesentery is related to the kidney?
mesoduodenum
128
position of the duodenum in the peritoneum?
intraperitoneal
129
sensory nerves of the tongue?
1. N. glossopharyngeal (IX)
2. N. facial (VII)
3. N. mandibularis (lingual nerve)
130
what is the IX nerve?
N. glossopharyngeus
131
motor innervation of the tongue?
N. Hypoglossus
132
Position of the descending duodenum?
right side
133
what direction does the ascending duodenum run?
cranially left to right
134
describe the ascending colon in **Sus, Ru**?
- gyri centripetals
- gyri centrifugales
(**Sus** = cone)
**(Ru** = disc)
135
what will be blocked by a mandibular nerve block?
- salivary glands
- mastication muscles
- lower teeth
- lower lips
- tongue
- part of external ear
136
do the tarsocrural and proximal tarsal rows communicate?
**yes**
It has three pouches which extend proximal to the medial and lateral malleolus and a dorsal pouch extending under the medial tendon of m.tibialis cranialis
137
which muscles are innervated by the N.trigeminus?
muscles of mastication
138
which nerve innervated the upper palpebra?
Mandibular nerve (V3)
139
what is the difference between the right and left uterine horns?
Right is longer and more cranial
140
which structure is cranial to ligament vesicae laterale?
the round ligament of the bladder (Lig. vesicae teres)
141
the major artery of the retina?
central retinal artery - opthalmic artery - internal carotid artery
(the rest of the eye is supplied by the external opthalmic artery)
142
which large salivary gland **cannot** be palpated in the **dog**?
zygomatic gland
143
which tendon is parallel to the patellar ligament
long digital extensor
144
which lymh node is between m.latissimus dorsi and deep pectoral muscles?
Auxillary acessory lymph node
145
is the facial nerve motor or sensory?
mixed
146
nerve of facial expression?
N. facialis (VII)
147
N. digitalis palmaris block?
- needle is inserted 1cm above hoof cartilage
- repeat for lat. and med
- acts on terminal branches of the lateral and medial palmar digital nerves
- coffin bone, navicular bursa + ligaments of the navicular bursa, distal part of the DDF
148
what surface is not anaesthetised during N. digitalis palmaris nerve block?
dorsal surface due to r. dorsalis
149
which joint is used for high digital block?
fetlock joint
150
which nerve does the proximal metacarpal block stop?
**ulnar nerve** - lateral injection between the m.flexor carpi ulnaris and m.extensor carpi ulnaris - distal to accessory carpal bone (10cm ventral to carpal joint)
151
sites of carpal joint injection?
**Ca**: lateral to accessory cephalic vein, between common and lateral digital extensors
**Eq**: 2 sites: - a) **Carpometacarpo & intercarpal joint**: on either side of m.extensor carpi radialis
b) **Radiocarpal joint**: on either side of m.extensor digitorum lateralis tendon, or palmar recess in front of m. ulnaris lateralis and slightly distally and medial, proximal to accessory carpal bone
152
shoulder joint injection sites? `
**Ca**: in front or behind the tendon of m.infraspinatus
**Eq**: two joint cavities
1. infront of m.infraspinatus tendon, at the level of the greater tubercule
2. from deltoid tuber upwards (up to bursa of biceps tendon)
153
injection into digital sheath?
between proximal sesamoid bones and distal end of splint bones (behind m.interoseous, use muscle as orientation)
inject from height of sesamoid bones caudal to interosseous
154
carpal sheath injection?
on the palmar aspect, 10cm distal to the accessory carpal bone, below th level of the joint, behing the m. interosseous
155
injection site for the stifle on the medial side **Eq** (medial femorotibial sac) ?
between the medial patellar ligament and the tendon of the sartorious
or between the medial patellar ligament and the medial femorotibial ligament avoiding the sartorious tendon
156
injection into the lateral femorotibial sac **Eq**?
needle is inserted between the lateral patellar ligament and the long digital extensor muscle just proximal to the tibia (in the extensor groove)
157
injection into the femoropatellar sac **Eq**?
usually communicates with the medial femorotibial sac but the needle is inserted 4cm proximal to the tibial tuberosity between the middle and medial patellar ligaments
158
stifle joint in **Ca**?
best over the extensor groove of the tiba (recess of m.extensor digitorum longus and the lateral collateral ligament)
159
recesses of the stifle?
recessus suprapatellar
recessus caudalis
recessus extensorious
recessus popliteus
sesamoid recess
160
which pre - molar has the shortest lingual surface?
**Ca**: 1st
**Eq**: 2nd
161
the stomach is in contact with the abdominal wall?
In **Ru**
| (in Ca when the stomach is full)
162
where do you take the pulse in the hindlimb of a dog?
A. femoralis
163
afferent nerve of eyelids?
Facial nerve (VII)
164
which sturucture is infront of the m.interosseous?
splint bone and carpal/fetlock joint capsule
165
location of the foramen mandibulare?
medial mandible
**Eq**: at the level of the occlusal surface of the teeth and its meeting point on a line drawn between temporomandibular joint and inc. vasorum facialum (mid way to zygomatic arch )
**Ca**: find facial notch in front of angular process, go up approx 1.5 - 2cm on medial side
166
name the carpal bones?
**Ca**: Prox - Ca,Cu,Ci/Cr (lat to med)
Dist: C1,C2,C3,C4
**Eq**: Prox - Ca,Cu,Ci,Cr
Dist - C2,C3,C4
**Sus**: all bones exist
**Ru**: Prox- Ca, Cu, Ci, Cr
Dist - C2/C3, C4
167
innervation of the supraorbital nerve?
forehead (not preasent in **Ru** and **Ca**)
168
blood sampling in the pig?
V. auricularis
v. cava cranialis
169
Anaestesia of the tibial nerve?
proximal to calcaneous, between deep and superficial DDF tendons
**Eq**: 12-15cm proximal to calcaneous
**Ca**: inject infront of common calcanean tendon
170
anaestesia of the median nerve?
**Eq**: medial, proximal, to elbow joint (palpable next to chestnut) - within the groove of the radial and ulnar flexors
**Ca**: medial, distal 1/3 of forearm, between flexor carpi radiale and superficial digital flexor - nerve in front of the large median artery
171
which glands will be anaesthetised when the mandibular nerve is blocked?
the salivary glands
172
nerve block of paralumbar anaestesia?
T13 nerve, L1-L2 in the flank (iliohypogastric nerve and ilioinguinal nerve)
173
which nerve is anaesthetised when injecting to L2?
Paralumbar nerve - Ilioinguinal
174
what precautions need to be made when conducting a tibial block?
not to puncture the lateral saphenous vein
175
Lung lobulation?
**Ca**: left cranial lobe - pars cranialis
- Pars caudalis
left caudal lobe
Right cranial lobe
right middle
right caudal lobe
accessory lobe
**Eq**: left cranial lobe
left caudal lobe
right cranial lobe
right caudal lobe
accessory lobe
**Ru**: left cranial lobe - Pars cranialis
- pars caudalis
Left caudal lobe
right cranial lobe - Pars cranialis
- Pars caudalis
right medial lobe
right caudal lobe
accessory lobe
176
navicular disease ?
coffin joint - the deep digital flexor tendon and navicular bursa & sesamoid ligament & navicular bone is damaged - problem with blood supply to distal part of bone
177
from which menisci does the lig. menisci femoral emerge in **Ca**?
lateral side
178
Femorotibial injection point in **Ca**?
lat/medial side of patellar ligament
179
what does supporting lameness indicate?
joint damage
180
what does swinging limb lameness indicate?
muscle and tendon damage
181
on which side of mesentery is the centrepetal colon?
Left
182
what does the pre-tracheal fascia not cover?
the common carotid artery
183
on the lingual side of the cup, what appears after some time of wear?
dental star (dark dentin)
184
what is bone spavin and how to treat it?
degeneration of tarsus junction
pieces are broken off - causes blisters inside joint
to check - flex joint for 2 mins - if limp afterwards (sign of pain) - indicates bone spavin
to treat, transect tendon of tibialis cranialis miscle or drill
185
which nerve is found between the two heads of the flexors of the ulna?
ulna nerve
186
which lymph nodes are found between the hindlimb of a dog?
(mammary/scrotal) superficial inguinal lymph nodes
187
how is the lingual surface positioned compared to the buccal surface of pre molar teeth?
Lower (buccal = higher)
188
Artery supplying the thoracic mammary glands?
internal thoracic - r. mammaria
189
cranial nerve IX (N.glosspharyngeal)
motor, sensory (mixed)
190
in which direction does the left ventral colon run?
caudally
191
what direction does the descending colon run?
caudally
192
on what side of the greater omentum is the descending colon in **Ru**?
the right side
193
what direction does the right ventrl colon go?
cranially - xiphoid process - sternal flexure
194
which direction does the transverse colon run?
from right to left
195
which structure attaches the patella in position during the locking mechanism?
trochlea ossis femoris
196
what patella ligaments lock the patella in position in the **Eq**?
medial and intermediate patellar ligaments
197
where is the crop positioned?
distal end of oesophagus in the chest on the right side
198
which is the unpaired air sac in birds?
clavicular air sac
199
what artery runs parallel with iliac column?
medial sacral artery
200
which ligament suspends the femal reproductive organs?
the broad ligament
- mesosaphinx
- mesovarium
- mesometrium
201
which tendon runs under the lateral collateral ligament of the stifle?
Popliteal tendon
202
what surrounds the popliteal lymph node?
found between the m.semitendinosus and m.biceps femoris
203
what are the recesses of the lung?
Recessus costomediastinalis
cupula
recessus costodiaphragmaticus
recessus lumbodiaphragmaticus
recessus mediastini (contains accessory lobe of lung)
204
which lymph nodes can you feel on rectal examination of a horse?
mesenteric ln (only if enlarged)
caecal ln
205
what urogential ligament can be used for orientation during rectal examination of **Eq**?
lig. renolienalis
206
what diverticulum can you feel on rectal examination of **Ru**?
diverticulum suburethrae
207
name the lymph node found ventral to the paralumbar fossa in **Eq**?
subiliac ln
208
where is the dilation of the horse colon located?
"Ampulla coli"
the right dorsal colon
209
does the frontal sinus in **Ru** communicate with the maxillary sinus?
no
210
which nerve is not blocked during palmar digital block?
r. dorsalis
211
which kidney is palpeable in **Eq** during rectal examination?
left kidney
212
where is the attachment of the greater omentum in **Ru**?
sulcus longitudinalis
213
where is the caecum of the **Eq** located?
Right hand side
214
which mesentery is related to a kidney?
mesoduodenum
215
position of the descending duodenum?
Right hand side
216
position of the reticulum?
left ventral abdomial wall - 7-9 IC
217
do tarsocrural and proximal tarsal joint capsules communicate?
yes
218
which species have a patellar ln?
**Eq**
219
is the abomasum in contact with the abdominal wall?
yes ventrally
220
which side does the abomasum lie?
right ventral wall
221
which side is the spleen in **Eq**?
left dorsal
222
which side is the ostium ileocecale in **Eq**?
right ventral (listen in paralumbar fossa)
223
which side is the jejunum in **Eq**?
left dorsal
224
which side is the flexure pelvina in **Eq**?
left caudal
225
where can you find the head of the caecum in **Eq**?
on right side ( apex at sternum, base at fossa paralumbalis)
226
feature of the sinus system in cattle?
separated
227
the eruptio of Id2 in Eq?
6 weeks
228
which nerve if sound between the two heads of the flexors of the ulna?
N.ulnaris
229
spleen location in **Eq**?
Ribs 10-18
230
spleen location in **Ru**?
Ribs 10-13
231
Spleen location in **Ca**?
Ribs 7/8 - 13
232
positioning of the greater omentum in **Ru**?
lamina visceralis - ascending colon, jejunum
lamina parietalis - spleen, kidney, liver
233
which organ can you find to the right of the omasum?
liver
234
ic. position of the reticulum?
6-8
235
which structure in the dog should be considered when draining CSF from the cisterna magma?
proc. spinosus of the axis
236
which nerve runs with the cephalic vein?
N. radialis superficialis
237
where is the injection point for the gall bladder in Ru and Eq?
10ic space
| (Eq have no gall bladder)
238
Rabbit uterus?
Duplex
2 ovaries
2 uterine horns
2 cervix
2 portiovaginalis
no uterine body
1 vagina
239
Rabbit soft palate?
long with a prominent epiglottis
can swallow and breath at the same time
240
Pseudocoprophagy
pellets leave the anus, covered in a mucous membrane to protect the PH and are re ingested by the rabbit
241
spinal taps in Ca?
Cebromedullary cisterna
lumbosacral junction - less risk as spinal nerves are longer and more mobile
242
types Anesthia?
**Epidural** - slower acting, longer lasting - needle is inserted between the last lumbar and the first sacral vertebrae
**Spinal** - Anaestetic is introduced into the subarachnoid space between the last 2 lumbar vertebrae
**No CSF or blood should be seen in syringe in either**
243
injection site for the pericardium of the heart?
through the cardiac notch found between the cranial and middle lobes of the lung
apex of the notch is positioned at the distal quarter of the fourth rib
244
lung position?
found between ribs 4-6 in Ca
245
does the rabbit have a clavicle?
yes
246
does a rabbit have sacculations on the ileum?
no
247
does the rabbit have a ventrally closed penis?
no
248
does a rabbit have double uterine cervix?
yes
249
equine bladder has how many ligaments?
3
- lig. latum vesicae (2)
- lig. teres vesicae (2)
- lig. vesicae medianum (1)
250
which part of the intestines are in contact with the abdominal wall in the **Ca**?
Duodenum (RHS)
251
is the canine cervix retroperitoneal, extraperitoneal or before the cervix?
Retroperitoneal
252
the mediastinal recess is where?
between the cavum mediastini and caudal vena cava
253
the frontal nerve of the horse does not communicate with the?
lacrimal sinus
254
the tibial nerve is blocked where in the dog?
between the common calcanean tendon and the crus
255
if the calcanean tendon is severed what other structure should be checked?
N. tibialis
256
to place a nasogastric tube one must pass through?
common nasal meatus
257
if the common calcanean tendon is competley removed from the calcaneous what is most greatley affected?
extensors of the hock
258
if a pin is placed in the calcaneous to stabilise it what muscle tendons must it go through?
Gastrocnemious and superfucial digital flexor
259
if a horse has a full set of teeth and shows sign of wear. along with a hook and a dental star on the third upper incisor what age is it?
7
260
what nerves supply the muscles of mastication i a horse?
N. trigeminis
261
position of tuber sacral?
