Written Questions Flashcards
(21 cards)
New Urbanism
Mid-20th century
Emerged to deal with urban sprawl
Mixed-use walkable neighbourhood, reduction of population density
Example - Leon Krier, Poundbury, Dorchester
Aldo Rossi
Italian architect, known around the 1960s and 70s
Critics the lack of understanding of the city
Argues city must be studied and valued as something constructed over time – ‘Collective Memory’
Rejected the principle that form must follow function
Focuses upon everyday needs must be met
Example – Gallaratese residential apartment building
Example – San Cataldo Cemetery
Manfredo Tafuri
Stated as the world most important architectural historian of the second half of the 20th century
Speaks of cities as if they are animate beings
States cities as the most complete expression of a society and urban planning projects
and that they can reveal the aspiration and the concerns of a given historical moment
Status of Authority in Architecture
Ongoing questions: Who is the author of a project in Architecture? Architecture: art or profession? RIBA question – The Future for Architects?
Slow transition from God to Human Religious, Superior Power
A Consensus among humans Competition
Public Consensus From project to design or market/creative commons such as Caruso St John, Herzog de Meuron and Zaha Hadid and Patrik Schmacher
Futurism
Artist movement started in Italy, last from 1909 - 1944
Form of architecture characterised by anti-historicism
Long horizontal lines suggesting speed, motion and urgency, effort to make architecture belong to modern times
Animated by Marinetti and works by Sant’ Elia, a key figure in the movement with drawings for La Citta Nouva (The New City)
(11 points of futurism set out goals)
(Opposed to culture) (Monumental symmetrical drawings ‘powerhouse’)
Expressionism
Modernist movement
Was the initial term for the German, Dutch and Danish Avant-Garde between 1910-1930
Important event was the Werkbund Exhibition of 1914 in Cologne
Key buildings – Bruno Taut’s Glass Pavilion and Mendelson’s Einstein’s Tower
Modernism
Influenced cultural trends and changes in the late 19th century
Development of modern industrial society and rapid growth of cities
Enhancement of technology, simplification and lack of decoration
Notion ‘forms follows function’
(Materials at 90 degrees to each other)
(Visual expression of structure)
(Use of industrial produced materials) (Philosophical movement in the arts)
Constructivism
Originated in Russia in 1919, great effect on modern art movements of the 20th century
Rejection of the idea of autonomous art
In favour of art as a practice for social purpose
Influenced major trends such as Bauhaus and De Stijl movement
(Artist and architectural philosophy)
Bauhaus
School in Germany combined crafts and the fine arts
Famous for the approach to design that it published and taught
Introduction/development of mass produced objects
Founded by Walter Gropuis, operated from 1919-1933
(All disciplines would be combined under one term ‘Architecture’)
(Weinar 1919-1925)
(Dessau 1925-1932)
(Berlin 1932-1933)
(Closed in 1933)
De Stijl
Dutch for ‘The Style’, Dutch artistic movement founded in 1917
Advocated pure abstraction
Reduction to the essential of form and colour
Simplified visual composition to the vertical and horizontal directions
Only used primary colours along with black and white
Art Deco
Rich colours, bold shapes and lavish ornamentation
Embrace technology – this separates it from Art Nouveau
Emerged in France after WW1 and flourish international in 1930’s and 40s.
International Style
Emerged in 1920s and 1930s
Three principles – Express of volume rather than mass, balance rather than symmetry, the exculsion of applied ornament
Standard modular components
The use of synthetic modern materials
Look towards a free plan
Brutalism
Began in 1950s lasting to mid-70s
Expression of structural materials
Typically concrete expressing form work pattern
Angular repetitive shapes
Post Moderism
Became a movement in 1970’s, began as a reaction to modernism
Borrows elements and reference from the past
Reintroduces colour and symbolism
Communicate with the public
Exposing building function
Vanna Venturi House, 1964, Chestnut Hill, Venturi
Critical Regionalism
Strives to counter the placelessness and lack of identity of the international style
Rooted to modern tradition but tied to geographical and cultural context
Rejected the Whimsicel individualism and ornamentation of Post Modern Architecture
Example: Bagsvaerd Church, Copenhagan 1976, Jorn Utzon
Example: Saynatsalo Town Hall, 1952, Alvar Aalto
Avant-Garde
Pushing the boundaries of what is the normal
Promotes radical social reform
Meaning ahead of its time
CIAM
Organisation founded in 1928 and disbanded in 1959
The International Congress of Modern Architecture
Spreading principles of modern movement
Origins of Team X
Functionalism
Relationship between function and form
Designing a building based on the purpose of the building
Rationalism
Being true to the programme and materials
Choosing materials for their properties not aesthetics
Aspects of symmetry, etc second
Example: Casa del Fascio, 1936, Como, Terragni
Early Modernism in USA
Key figures Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright
Example Guggenheim Museum, 1959, New York, Frank Lloyd Wright
Contemporary City
City of Three Million Inhabitants, 1922, Le Corbusier
Boardacre City, 1934 -1958, Frank Lloyd Wright
