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Written Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of glial cells?

A

Microglia and Macroglia

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2
Q

What are microglia?

A

Assortment of phagocytes.

They repair and kill bacteria, viruses and dead neurons.

In Alzheimers it convinces microglia to eat good tissue in the brain.

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3
Q

What are the 4 macroglia?

A

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Schwaan Cells, Ependymal Cells.

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4
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Astrocytes: Only in the CNS, Show neurons where they need to go when are created.

Monitors what goes into the blood of the brain (Brain Blood Barrier)

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5
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Oligodendrocytes: Only in the CNS. Myelinated neurons. Myelinate many axons at the same time. Cannot be repaired if damaged.

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6
Q

What are Schwaan Cells?

A

Schwaan Cells: Myelinate axons in the PNS, 1:1 ratio on axons and can regenerate.

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7
Q

What are Ependymal Cells?

A

They create CSF

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8
Q

What is guillane barre?

A

A demyelinating disease that affects the schwaan cells.

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9
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

A demyelinating disease that affects the CNS and oligodendrocytes.

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10
Q

What are modality-gated channels?

A

They open in response to mechanical forces such as touch, pressure and vibration.

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11
Q

What are ligand-gated channels?

A

They open in response to a neurotransmitter binding. “Lock and Key” principle.

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12
Q

What are voltage-gated channels?

A

Open in response to electrical potentials across the cells membrane.

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13
Q

What is resting potential?

A

-70mv

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14
Q

The movement from -70 to -55 is called what?

A

Depolarization which is considered excitatory.

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15
Q

The movement from -55 to -70 is called what?

A

Repolarization

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16
Q

The movement from -70 to -90 is called what?

A

Hyperpolarization which is considered inhibitory.

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17
Q

What is the absolute refractory period, and can there be AP during this period?

A

The transition between -55 to -90. ABSOLUTELY NO FIRE!

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18
Q

What is the relative refractory period, and can there be AP during this period?

A

The transition between -90 to -70. Can fire if under extreme pressure (ex: heart)

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19
Q

What two kinds of receptors can be found on the post-synaptic membrane?

A

Ligand Gated Channels or G-Protein Mediated Receptors

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20
Q

What is a G-protein mediated receptor?

A

Slower receptor, goes through multiple steps in order to pass through and open the channel. It stimulates multiple proteins in the chain in order to open channel.

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21
Q

What is sprouting and where does it occur?

A

Regrowth of damaged axons. Happens only in the PNS

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22
Q

What are the two types of sprouting?

A

Collateral Sprouting: Neighboring neurons help to reinnervate damaged target tissue. Happens when there is over 75% damage

Regenerative Sprouting: When damaged axons regenerate themselves.

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23
Q

What is glutamate and its function?

A

A neurotransmitter that is the most plentiful in the brain.

Released when a neuron is damaged. They also explode when overstimulated. They are poisonous to healthy neurons so this is dangerous when too much glutamate is released.

Can lead to secondary death.

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24
Q

What is long term potentiation?

A

When you first learn something, you are accessing every area of the brain in order to complete the task.

As you do the task more and more, your brain realizes there are certain areas that aren’t necessary. It makes short cuts in order to complete the task, therefore making it easier and “second nature”

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25
What are the three main areas of the brain in its earliest development?
Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon
26
What does the Prosencephalon develop into?
Prosencephalon --> Telencephalon --> Cerebral Hemispheres, Basal Ganglia Prosencephalon --> Diencephalon --> Thalamus and Hypothalamus.
27
What does the Mesencephalon develop into?
Stays Mesencephalon throughout development. Consists of the midbrain --> Superior and Inferior Colliculi
28
What does the Rhombencephalon develop into?
Rhombencephalon --> Metencephalon --> Pons, cerebellum Rhombencephalon --> Myelencephalon --> Medulla, spinal cord
29
What is the progression of CSF through the brain?
CSF is created in the Coroid Plexus within the sinuses. Lateral Ventricles (Telencephalon) --> Interventricular Foramen --> 3rd Ventricle (Diencephalon) --> Cerebral Aqueduct (Mesencephalon) --> 4th Ventricle (Metencephalon) --> Subarachnoid Space of brain and spinal cord --> Reabsorbed into blood
30
What is the process of the neural development?
Step 1: Neural Plate & Notocord Step 2: Neural Groove Forms Step 3: Neural Crests form on sides of neural groove Step 4: Neural Crests drop beside neural groove. Step 5: Neural Groove closes to form Neural Tube.
31
What is the neural tube and what are its parts?
The neural tube develops into the spinal cord. The two parts are: Associated Plate --> Dorsal Horn Motor Plate --> Ventral Horn
32
What are the square blocks of tissue that are found laterally on either side of the tube?
Somite- Develop into tissues
33
What are the three parts of the Somite?
Dermatome: Skin Myotome: Muscle Sclerotome: Bone
34
Describe spina bifida?
When the two lamina of the vertebrae don't meet and they don't form a bifid process of the vertebrae.
35
What is Anencephaly?
Can live without cerebral hemispheres, as long as cord is intact. Won't be able to see, talk, or have any motor output except spinal reflexes.
36
What is Arnold-Chiari Deformity?
The brain stem forms lower than it needs to be. It is in the place of the vertebral column. Inferior cerebellum and medulla protrude into the vertebral column. More difficult to survive because of pressure of the vertebral column against the medulla oblongata.
37
What is Cerebral Palsy?
Loss of oxygen to the brain either before birth or during birthing process.
38
What are the 3 types of CP?
Ataxic Spastic Athetotic
39
What is Ataxic CP?
Affects Cerebellum (vermis), Causes incoordination between right and left sides of body.
40
What is Spastic CP?
Affects lateral ventricles, tissues around the lateral ventricles in the cortex. Scissor gait, toe walking, jerky movements
41
What is Athetotic CP?
Affects the Basal Nuclei Slow writhing movement in limbs and neck There is something wrong in the refining of motor activity.
42
Describe habituation as it relates to neuroplasticity?
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus as a result of being constantly stimulated. Ex: IV in arm
43
What part of the brain is responsible for moving short term memory to long term memory?
Hippocampus
44
Describe denervation hypersensitivity?
Happens when tissues are starved for connections so they develop many post-synaptic receptors. This causes hypersensitivity. Sometimes they can also create modality gated receptors so they are more likely to elicit some type of response and receive feedback.
45
What element is responsible for telling the neurotransmitter to move down to the presynaptic membrane?
Calcium Ca+
46
What do SSRI's do?
They keep serotonin in the synaptic cleft for easy binding to the postsynaptic membrane.
47
Describe the process of neurotransmitter release?
Step 1: Impulse reaches terminal boutonnes at presynaptic terminal. Ca+ enters and tells neurotransmitter vesicle to drop to presynaptic membrane. Exocytosis = Release neurotransmitter! Step 2: Neurotransmitter enter cleft where it triggers post-synaptic terminal to open. Step 3: Neurotransmitters enzymye breaks it down to begin reuptake via endocytosis!
48
Describe Ach - Acetylcholine
Most abundant neurotransmitter in body. Enables muscle action Found at all neuromuscular junctions.
49
Describe epinephrine and norepinephrine?
Produced in the medulla of the adrenal gland. Only neurotransmitter produced in a gland. Causes Fight/Flight
50
Describe dopamine
Produced in the CNS -- Substantia Nigra Pleasure pathway Related to Parkinson's - When 80% of dopaminergic receptor are gone Related to Schizophrenia
51
Describe Histamine
Causes your nose and eye to water in order to get rid of toxins and pathogens.
52
Describe serotonin
Mood, Pain, Sleep/Wake Related to SSRI's
53
What is the most plentiful neurotransmitter in the brain?
Glutamate!
54
What is the most plentiful neurotransmitter in the whole body?
Acetylcholine!
55
Describe GABA.
Most plentiful inhibitory neurotransmitter. The off switch for excitatory receptors in the basal ganglia
56
Describe Substance P
Warns the body of tissue damage
57
What is a muscarinic receptor?
A receptor that reacts to the mushroom poison muscarine. Antagonist to Ach, find the Ach receptors and stops them. Stops smooth muscle and cardiac activity.
58
What is a nicotinic receptor?
Agonist Opens ligand gated channels themselves. Causes addiction because the body needs it to open receptors instead of neurotransmitters which are made less now.
59
Describe Opoid Receptors
Agonists Mimic endorphins and mask pain
60
What is the function of Superior Colliculli?
Visual Reflexes Tracking of the eye (following something) and also saccades (rapid eye movements)
61
What is the function of Inferior Colliculli?
Auditory Reflexes Direction of where sound is coming from
62
What is the function of the pyramids?
Responsible for motor output to the musculature.
63
What is the function of the cuneate nucleus?
Tactile Input from T6 and above
64
What is the function of the gracilis nucleus?
Tactile Input from T6 and below
65
What is the function of the medulla oblangata?
Vital function such as respiration and heart rate.
66
What is the function of the calcarine sulcus?
Primary Visual Cortex. Understands color, shape, texture.
67
This area of the brain is related to addiction?
Cingulate Gyrus
68
What is the function of the thalamus?
Filters all sensory information except smell.
69
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Filters all motor output Fight or Flight
70
What are the 4 types of Spina Bifida?
1. Occulta 2. Meningocele 3. Meningomyelocyle 4. Myeloschisis
71
Describe Spina Bifida Meningocele?
There is bubble of CSF outside the body
72
Describe Spina Bifida Meningomyelocyle?
A bubble of CSF outside of the body and the spinal cord protrudes outside the body as well. Causes complete paralysis
73
Describe Spina Bifida Myeloschisis?
The neural form does not form at all
74
What is Huntington's Disease?
Loss of GABA Because there is no off switch to excitatory receptors in the basal ganglia (motor output filter) the body randomly "checks in" with body parts. Impulsive motor output, "hemiballismus" or dance with the devil.
75
What is Myesthenia Gravis?
Affects the neuromuscular junction. Blocks Ach receptors and causes weakness and eventual paralysis in repetitive movement muscles such as eyelids, mouth
76
Describe Lamina I
All sensory neurons first connect here. Receives pain and temperature
77
Describe Lamina II
Made up of substantia gelatinosa. Receives pain input at the cord level. Receives input from serotinergic receptors in the brain (nuclei raphe magnus) to calm pain.
78
Describe Lamina III & IV
Receive pain, tactile, and temperature afferents. These pass through here to get to white matter. Only pain and temperature synapses.
79
Describe Lamina V
Storage house for things in 1,2,3,4 Receive pain and temperature from I-IV Protopathic tactile synapse here. Sends info to the thalamus via the contralateral spinothalamic tract.
80
Describe Lamina VI
Only see this in enlargement of the cords. Receives Proprioceptive info from the extremities
81
Describe Lamina VII
Found in the lateral horn (T1 - L2) Sympathetic response Receives proprioceptive info from trunk via the thoracic nucleus. Delivers info to cerebellum on coordination of the trunk.
82
Describe Lamina VIII
Vestibulospinal and reticular output Muscle tone and postural adjustment and reflexes
83
Describe Lamina IX
Motor part of ventral horn Medial: Trunk Muscles Lateral: Limb Muscles
84
Describe Lamina X
Decassation of axons
85
What does Botulinum A do?
Inhibits the release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction. This can be beneficial to movement abnormalities (due to CNS disorders) by slowing down overactive muscles).
86
What does tetrodotoxin do?
Poison found in puffer fish. Prevents AP generation which then will lead to paralysis and death. Paralyzes all tissue it comes in contact with.
87
What does Strychnine (arsinic) do?
Blocks inhibitory synapses on motor neurons, causing convulsions. Turns off the off switch! Excessive amount of motor output (convulsion)
88
This part of the brain stem is considered the anterior portion. What is its name and its primary function?
Basilar Section. Mostly responsible for motor function.
89
This part of the brain stem is considered the posterior portion. What is its name and its primary function?
Tegmentum. More sensory in function and also contains reticular formation or awareness.
90
This area is considered the uppermost area of the posterior brainstem. What is its name and its primary function?
Tectum. Contains both colliculi and is responsible for eye muscles and reflexive movements related to sound and sight.
91
Describe the medial and lateral reticular formations
``` - Lateral Part o Toward the outer portions on the brain stem o Sensory and motor input o General Arousal - Medial Area o Toward central brain stem. o Vital Functions • Respiration, heart rate, swallowing reflex, etc. ```
92
What are the medial and lateral reticulospinal areas responsible for?
Postural control and limb extension. Midline
93
Describe the function of the ventral tegmental?
Produces dopamine and provides it to cerebral areas.
94
Describe the function of the pedunculopontine?
Produces Ach and projects it to inferior regions for the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts.
95
Describe the damage done by a vertical tract lesion?
Lesion runs vertically along entire tract through the brainstem.
96
This area is an antagonist to the reticular system and is important for the onset of sleep?
Nucleus Raphe Magnus
97
Damage to this area will affect consciousness?
Damage to brain stem and reticular formation.

Neuroscience (3 decks)

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