Written Test 2 Flashcards by Amanda Harris

Describe Phasic Receptors of the peripheral somatosensory system?

They adapt very quickly.

They respond to a stimulus and then are able to quickly adapt to it.

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Describe Tonic Receptors of the peripheral somatosensory system?

Never stop updating information.

Never stop responding to the stimulus.

Ex: Muscles of the eye. Brain constantly updated on position of the eye.

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Describe the converse relationship with receptive fields?

The larger the receptive field the less sensitive it is.

The smaller the receptive field the more sensitive the area is.

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What are the two types of receptors for fine touch?

Superficial Receptors

Subcutaneous Receptors

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What are the two types of superficial receptors for fine touch and what is the size of it’s receptive field?

Small Receptive Field

Meissner Corpuscles

Merkle’s Discs

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Describe Meissner Corpuscles

Sensitive to light touch and vibration

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Describe Merkle’s Discs?

Sensitive to Pressure

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What are two types of subcutaneous receptors for fine touch and what is the size of it’s receptive field?

Large Receptive Field

Pacinian Corpuscles

Ruffini Organs

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Describe Pacinian Corpuscles

Deep Touch and Vibration

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Describe Ruffini Organs

Sensitive to Stretch of Skin

Found in joints, sensitive to joint angle.

Found in ligaments.

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Describe Hair Follicle Receptors

When you get stimulated by fight or flight, or temperature.

Erector Pillae muscles make hair stand up perpendicular.

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What is it called when there is damage to the sensory system within the musclulature?

Parathesia

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What is the point of sensory innervation within the muscles?

Tells the brain about what the muscle is doing at all times

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What part of the musculature is the first thing stimulated in the sensory system?

Muscle Spindles

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Describe Muscle Spindles?

Diamond Shaped structure embedded into the muscle tissue.

Found in all types of muscle.

They sense and respond to change in muscle shape or when they are static.

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What are the three structures that give the brain information about what the muscle is doing?

Muscle Spindle

Golgi Tendon Organ

Joint Receptors

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Describe Golgi Tendon Organs

Found within tendons that attach muscle to bone.

When tendon is stretched these are stimulated. Tell you if muscle/tendon is being stretched or contracted.

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Which relay pathway to the brain is the best and most accurate?

Conscious Relay

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What are the three types of Relay pathways to the brain for sensory?

Conscious Relay

Divergent Relay

Unconscious Relay

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Describe Conscious Relay

You are aware of the stimuli.

Pinpoint accuracy in where the stimulus is coming from.

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What is the inability to understand tactile information and knowing what object is in your hand without visual cues?

Astereognosis

Stereognosia

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What is Stereoognosis?

Ability to use fine touch and proprioceptive info to identify an object without visual cues.

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Fast pain travels in what tract and what type of relay is it considered?

Travels through the Spinothalamic Tract with pain and temperature.

Considered Conscious Relay because you can pinpoint where the pain is coming from.

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Slow pain travels in what tract and what type of relay is it considered?

Travels in Spinothalamic with protopathic.

Considered Divergent Relay because you cannot pinpoint this pain.

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Describe Divergent Relay and what are two senses are examples of Divergent Relay?

Stimulates many areas of the brain at the same time. Protopathic and Slow pain are examples of Divergent Relays.

Describe Unconscious Relay

Very fast and can detect stimuli easily. Happens when we are not awake.

What are examples of Unconscious Relay pathways?

Posterior Spinocerebellar Cuneocerebellar Anterior Spinocerebellar

Describe the function of the Spinomesencephalic Tract?

Tract where pain is relayed to the PAG so that serotonin can be released in order to modulate pain.

Describe the function of Spinoreticular Tract?

Sense of awareness or being awake.

What is the term that describes the loss of sensory input to an area?

Anathesia

What is the general term for dysfunction or pathology of the PNS?

Peripheral Neuropathy

What are some of the clinical implications of Ligation?

Causes lack of sensation Pain may occur Loss of Motor and Reflexes

What is the order of sensory loss in Compression?

Conscious Proprioception --> Discriminative Touch --> Cold --> Fast Pain --> Heat --> Slow Pain Returns in opposite order.

What is the term that describes the abnormal sensation you get when compression is relieved.

Parathesias

What are the clinical implications for an client with a spinal cord Transection?

Loss of all sensory (TPV,CPr, UnPr, Pain, Temp, Proto) at level and below Loss of Motor at level and below. BOTH SIDES OF BODY ARE AFFECTED

What is a Transection?

When the entire cord has been cut through

What is a hemisection injury?

Damage to one half of the cord

What is the clinical implications for a client with Brown-Sequard?

Ipsilesional Loss of TPV & Consc. Prop at level and below. Loss of Ipsilesional PTP at cord level. Loss of Contralesional PTP at level and below Loss of Limb Musculature Ipsileionally at level and below. Loss of Trunk Musculature Contralesionally at level and below.

What is the result of a Thalamic Lesion?

Destruction of the VPL and VPM which results in impaired sensation.

Describe Sensory Extinction and what injury would result in this?

Bilateral Stimulation results in sensation on one side only. Sensation on each side individually results in sensation being felt on each side.

What theory of pain resulted in the development of the TENS Unit and describe the theory?

Gate Theory Overriding pain receptor by stimulating the other receptors.

This term describes the absence of pain when something would normally be painful?

Analgesia

What ways is Analgesia achieved?

Inhibiting pain receptors with endorphins, opiates or drugs. Supraspinal Levels that inhibit pain from brain stem ex: nucleus raphe magnus releasing serotonin.

What are the 4 types of pain?

Injured Muscles or Joints Referred Pain Chronic Pain Chronic Pain Syndrome

What fibers are related to fast pain and which are related to slow pain, within the muscles?

A Fibers - Fast Pain C Fibers - Slow Pain

Describe Referred Pain

Pain coming from somewhere other than the source of the damage. Used when the brain doesn't understand the pain you are having and replaces it with something it understands. Ex: Arm pain when having heart issues.

Describe Chronic Pain?

Slow pain that is long lasting and cannot be pinpointed.

This term describes pain that is elicited to a normally non-painful stimuli

Allodynia

What is the sequence of events for muscle movement?

Decision - Prefrontal Cortex Activation - Precentral Gyrus to UMN Filtration - Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum Goes to LMN and goes to Muscle

What is the presentation for a lower motor neuron injury?

Flaccidity and no tone

What is the presentation for an upper motor neuron injury?

Rigidity/Spasticity Caused by brain damage

What are the 2 types of Upper Motoneurons?

Gross Movement Pathways Fine Movement Pathways

What are the 2 types of Lower Motoneurons?

Alpha and Gamma

What do Alpha Motoneurons control?

Innervate Muscle Fibers

What do Gamma Motoneurons control?

Innervate Muscle Spindles

What are the two types of Muscle Fibers?

Slow Twitch - Small diameter, slow to fatigue and conduct. Fast Twitch - Large diameter, fast fatigue and conducting.

This type of pain happens when the brain cannot interpret the pain it is experiencing so it sends the pain to a different area of the body?

Referred Pain

This type of chronic pain occurs when there is abnormal excitability due to protein buildup around a lesion?

Ectopic Foci

This pain theory focuses on overriding pain by stimulating other receptors?

Gate Theory

These type of lower motor neurons project to the muscle fibers?

Alpha Lower Motoneurons

These type of lower motor neurons are responsible for muscle loading for velocity in active contraction?

Gamma Lower Motoneurons

This term refers to the ability to ensure that the antagonist is inhibited while a muscle agonist is contracting.

Reciprical Inhibition

This term refers to the way the body makes sure that muscles aren't going too far and tearing tendons?

Autogenic Inhibition

This type of medial activation system is responsible for turning your head and eyes toward the direction of a stimuli

Tectospinal

This type of medial activation system is responsible for postural muscles an limb extensors for balance during reflexive movements while unconscious.

Medial Reticulospinal

This type of medial activation system is responsible for coordination of right and left in the middle trunk musculature

Medial Vestibulospinal

This type of medial activation system is responsible for coordination of right and lefts in the lateral trunk musculature

Lateral Vestibulospinal

This type of medial activation system is responsible for contralateral trunk musculature

Medial/Anterior Corticospinal

What are the 3 types of Lateral Activation Systems?

Lateral Corticospinal Corticobulbar Fractionation

This type of lateral activation system is responsible for limb musculature ipsilaterally

Lateral Corticospinal

This type of lateral activation system is responsible for the ability to activate individual muscles independently of other muscles

Fractionation

This type of neuron is responsible for acting as the off switch for excitatory response? Give an example of this neuron

Inhibitory neuron Ex: GABA and Substance P

This type of neuron is responsible for acting as the off switch for the off-switch, allowing you to have excitatory response again?

Dysinhibition Neuron

This term describes the complete loss of voluntary muscle control

Paralysis

This term describes the partial loss of voluntary muscle control

Paresis

This term describes weakness/loss of muscle control on one side of the body

Hemiparesis/plegia

This term describes loss of all 4 limbs because of complete transection above C5

Quadriplegia

This term describes loss of LE function from transection below T1

Paraplegia

This term describes the loss of muscle bulk from non-use

Disuse Atrophy

This term describes loss of muscle bulk because the brain stopped sending information to the muscle

Neurogenic Atrophy

What are the 3 types of involuntary muscle contractions?

Muscle Spasms Fasciculations Fibrillations

This term describes sudden painful contractions that result from mild damage to the muscle. Causes whole muscle to twitch.

Muscle Spasm

This term describes quick visible twitching of muscle fibers/piece of muscle as a result of overuse or pathology

Fasciculations

This term describes muscle twitching that is not visible, this is always a result of pathology and happens primarily in smooth or cardiac muscle

Fibrillations

This type of muscle tone issue is characterized by flaccidity, abnormality, low resistance to passive stretch. Result of lower motoneuron lesion.

Hypotonia

This type of muscle tone issue is characterized by abnormally strong resistance as a result of upper motor neuron injury?

Hypertonia

In _________, resistance is dependent on velocity of movement. What is this called?

Spasticity Called, Velocity Dependent

In _________, resistance is constant regardless of speed of force. What is this called?

Rigidity Called, Velocity Independent

This disease destroys neurons in the anterior horn?

Polio

In ______________ ,neurons are damaged by trauma, infection, tumors, degenerative or vascular disorders resulting in loss of reflexes, atrophy, flaccid paralysis, and fibrillations

Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome

In _____________, lesions in the cerebrum and brainstem can result in abnormal cutaneous reflexes, abnormal timing of muscle contraction, paresis (muscular weakness), and spasticity

Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome

An example of an ____________ is the Babinski reflex (abrupt muscle spasm in response to mild stimulation)

Abnormal Cutaneous Reflex

Inadequate stimulation of LMN is called?

Paresis

Action of passively stretching a spastic muscle, which elicits increased resistance at first and then less resistance- ________________

Clasp-Knife Response

_______________: “Sequencing of muscles is there, but timing is not; overshoot where you intend to go”

Past Pointing

Parkinson’s disease is a ____________disorder, which is caused by excessive inhibition, displayed as muscular rigidity, shuffling gait, bad posture, decreased range of motion and masklike facial expression, and is due to pathology of the ___________

Hypokinetic Basil Ganglia

Lack of coordination (characterized by voluntary, normal-strength movements not associated with hypertonia that are jerky and inaccurate) common to all cerebellar lesions- ____________

Ataxia

What are the two types of hypertonia and describe them?

Spasticity: Velocity-Dependent meaning resistance is dependent on velocity Rigidity: Velocity-Independent meaning resistance is constant despite velocity.

This term describes hypersensitive spasms of repeated dorsiflexion and plantar flexion when performing passive dorsiflexion reflex?

Clonus

Huntington's a _________ disorder resulting in excessive motor output.

Hyperkinetic

This lesion results in abnormal eye movements?

Vestibulocerebellar Lesion

This lesion results in dysarthria or slurred speech?

Vermal Lesions

This lesion results in incoordination when walking or ataxic gait?

Spinocerebellar lesion

This clinical issue is a result of cerebrocerebellar lesion and is desribed as the inability to move an intended distance?

Dysmetria

This term describes the ability to move where the cortex provides the goal, the basal ganglia provides the force, the cerebellum provides the timing?

Ambulation

Written Test 2 Flashcards

(105 cards)