Wrong Answers Flashcards by Carrie Hallam

process for post menopausal bleed

over 55y. endometrial TVUSS thickness over 5mm –> hysteroscopy with endometrial biopsy

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where does lymph from scrotum go

inguinal nodes

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mastitis caused by which bug. treatment

staph aureus

flucloxacillin

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where does lymph from testes go

para-aortic

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where does L/R testicular vein drain to

L: L renal vein
R: IVC

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name 3 factors associated with small for gestational age

smoking
old age
maternal rubella

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which ligament contains ovarian vessels

suspensory

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name 3 hormones from posterior pituitary

LH
FSH
prolactin

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causes of folate deficiency

phenytoin
methotrexate
pregnancy
alcohol excess

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what hormone is responsible for low blood pressure in pregnancy and increased tidal volume

progesterone

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menopause hormones

high FSH
high LH
low oestrogen `

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name 2 risk factors for ectopic pregnancy

PID

endometriosis

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what is released by sperm to prevent polyspermy

calcium

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what role does beta hCG play

maintains corpus luteum

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which cells of pre-antral follicle have LH receptors

theca

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what converts androstenedione to oestradiol

aromatase in granulosa

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where is the site of highest resistance in CVS

arterioles

contribute most to TPR

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what type of fibres in vagus nerve

what neurotransmitter does it release

parasympathetic

Ach

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what neurotransmitter released from sympathetic fibres

NA and adrenaline

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what receptors does NA bind to in heart

beta 1 receptors in SAN (to increase rate of pacemaker depol)

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2 locations of baroreceptors what are they stimulated by

aortic arch
carotid sinus

stimulated by arterial stretch

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symptoms of kawasaki

bilateral conjunctivitis
rash
desquamation of palsm/soles

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toxic shock syndrome caused by which toxin in bacteria

toxin 1 in staph aureus

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anterior is which leads

V2-6

CXR obscured hemidiaphragm and tracheal shift away from affected side

pleural effusion

reduced breath sounds, hyper-resonant percussion. | CXR: no vascular markings

pneumothorax

widened mediastinum

aortic dissection

treatment of type A and B aortic dissection

A: surgery, control BP 100 B: conservative, bed rest, reduce BP, IV labetolol

what is substance P

a neuroT with a neurokinin R1 - affects behaviour and response to stress

what does nicotinic acid treat

hyperlipidaemia (lowers chol and TG conc)

SE of nicotinic acid

flush, impaired gluc tolerance, myositis

2 drugs you give to someone with PVD

statin | clopidogrel

what is doxazosin

alpha 1 blocker -> smooth muscle relaxation

which drugs worsen intermittent claudication

beta blockers

2 things that increase pulse pressure

less compliant aorta | increased SV

thiazide diuretics SE

dehydration, postural hypotension, hyponatraemia, hypoK, hyperCa, gout, impaired gluc tolerance

3 clinical features of aortic dissection

tearing chest pain hypertension aortic regurgitation

Cardiac defect associated with trisomy 13

patau | ventricular septal defect --> pansystolic murmur

Cardiac defect associated with trisomy 21

- AV septal defects

Cardiac defect associated with 45XO

turner: bicuspid aorta, coarctation of aorta

Cardiac defect associated with diabetic mother

transposition of great vessels, VSD

Cardiac defect associated with DiGeorge syndrome

DiGeorge - truncus arteriorsis, tetralogy of fallot

Cardiac defect associated with marfans

coarctation of aorta

what is Ebstein's anomaly

tricuspid valve displaced towards apex of RV. Maternal lithium is a RF.

ACA supplies what

frontal | parietal

MCA supplies what

frontal, temporal, parietal

lateral heart which leads

lead I, II, aVL, V5-6

what ECG changes in LBBB

W in V1 and M in V6

what ECG changes in RBBB

M in V1 ad W in V6

causes of RBBB

chronically increased RV pressure, MI, ASD, cardiomyopathy

where do thiazide diuretics act

NaCl symporter at DCT

Side effects of Metformin

GI upset, AKI (CI if eGFR <30)

Side effects of sulphonylureas

hypoglycaemia, weight gain

Side effects of DPP4I

GI upset, weight loss

Side effects of SGLT2I

UTI, thrush, euglycaemic DKA

left flank pain, chronic HTN, purple mottled rash on lower legs, haematuria and +protein. Platelet 84 and raised APTT Which antibody tests?

anti-cardiolipin, lupus anticoagulat, beta-2 glycoprotein 1 (SLE) ANTI-PHOSPHOLIPID SYND - pain due to renal vein thrombosus (if young F think ectopic) - autoimmune hypercoagulable state - confirm: one clinical event (thrombosis or pregnancy complication) with TWO + antibody tests 12 weeks apart

Features of anti-phospholipid syndrome

Coagulopathy (increased APTT) Livedo reticularis (purple mottled rash) Obstetric (ectopics, recurrent miscarriages) Thrombocytopenia

How do you confirm Antiphospholipid syndrome

one clinical event (thrombosis or pregnancy complication) with TWO + antibody tests 12 weeks apart

Treating anti-phospholipid syndrome

anticoag (warfarin ONLY if triple antibody) | pregnant: LMWH and low dose aspirin