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WSET Level 3 > WSET LEVEL 3 Ch 1-17 > Flashcards

WSET LEVEL 3 Ch 1-17 Flashcards

1
Q

What three tastes make wine “harder” or more bitter?

A

Sweetness, bitterness & Umami

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2
Q

What taste makes wine “softer”?

A

Acidity

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3
Q

What taste increases perception of body?

A

Salt

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4
Q

What kind of wine should be paired with Umami?

A

Fruity wine to balance bitterness

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5
Q

Long term storage temp

A

10-15 degrees C, 50-59 degrees F

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6
Q

Temp for med/full body white wines

A

10-13 degrees C, 50-55 degrees F

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7
Q

Temp for light/med bodied whites

A

7-10 degrees C, 45-50 degrees F

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8
Q

Temp for sweet wine

A

6-8 degrees C, 43-45 degrees F

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9
Q

Temp for sparkling

A

6-10 degrees C, 43-50 degrees F

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10
Q

Temp for light bodied reds

A

13 degrees C, 55 degrees F

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11
Q

Temp for med/full bodied reds

A

15-18 degrees C, 59-64 degrees F

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12
Q

What is cutting a vine?

A

Taking a section of a vine shoot and planting it

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13
Q

What is layering a vine?

A

A cane is bent downwards and roots in the ground and begin to grow up. The connection is then cut.

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14
Q

What are inflorescences?

A

Bunches of flowers are the vines’ reproductive organs with both male and female parts

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15
Q

Difference between a cane and spur

A

Cane: Long with 8-20 buds
Spur: Short with only 2-3 buds

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16
Q

What do the shoots that turn woody during the winter become the following spring?

A

One-year-old wood

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17
Q

What is the trunk and arms of the vine, any part more than 1 year old called?

A

Permanent wood

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18
Q

When a new variety is produced by two parents of the same species

A

Crossing

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19
Q

When a new variety is produced by two parents of different species

A

Hybrid

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20
Q

What are the two types of root grafting?

A

Head (cut to trunk and grafted on) and Bench (two roots fused by machine)

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21
Q

The 5 things a vine needs to grow

A

Sunlight,CO2, water, heat and nutrients

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22
Q

What is an advantage of grafting?

A

Allows growers to adjust to market demand

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23
Q

What latitudes can vines grow in?

A

Between 30 and 50 degrees north and south of the equator

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24
Q

At what temp do vines stop growing?

A

10 degrees C, 50 degrees F

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25
Q

What are the types of irrigation from most to least expensive?

A

Drip irrigation, Sprinklers, Flood Irrigation

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26
Q

What climate type?
High continentality. High risk for spring frost and low temps during the growing season

A

Continental

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27
Q

What climate type?
Cool to moderate temps with low difference between hot and cold months. Grapes can continue to ripen into autumn.

A

Maritime

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28
Q

What type of climate?
Low continentality and summers tend to be warm and dry. Less rainfall can be good but also risks drought.

A

Mediterranean

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29
Q

What are the most important nutrients in soil?

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

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30
Q

What is the part of the soil made up of decomposing plant and animal materials? It’s great for water retention.

A

humus

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31
Q

What type of soils retain heat?

A

Stones/Gravel

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32
Q

What kinds of soils stay cool?

A

Sand and clay

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33
Q

What is loam?

A

Soil that is a mixture of sand and clay

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34
Q

What kind of vine training?
Vines a relatively little/no permanent wood, some with only a trunk.

A

Head Training

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35
Q

What kind of vine training?
Trunk with one or more permanent horizontal arms or “cordons”. Vines are usually spur pruned

A

Cordon trained

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36
Q

What kind of pruning?
Spurs are short sections of one year old wood that have been cut down to 2-3 buds

A

Spur pruning

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37
Q

What kind of pruning?
Canes are long sections of 1 year old wood that have 8-20 buds. Typically 1-2 canes are retained and tied to a horizontal trellis.

A

Replacement cane pruning

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38
Q

Where are bush vines advantageous?

A

hot, dry, sunny regions

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39
Q

What is VSP?

A

Vertical shoot positioning

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40
Q

What is a hectare?

A

An enclosed square with 100-meter sides

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41
Q

What are nematodes?

A

Microscopic worms that attack the root of a vine

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42
Q

What is a risk in warm, humid environments and makes grapes taste moldy and bitter?

A

Downy and powdery mildew

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43
Q

What fungus is caused by botrytis cinerea?

A

Gray rot and noble rot

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44
Q

What spreads bacterial disease?

A

Small insects called sharpshooters

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45
Q

Is there a cure for viruses or bacterial diseases in vines?

A

No

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46
Q

What is the difference between sustainable, organic and biodynamic farming?

A

Sustainable: limits chemical use
Organic: A few traditional methods are allowed to prevent pests and disease, need accreditation from a certification body to claim on the label
Biodynamic: Organic practices along with physiology and cosmology, also need approval from a certification body

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47
Q

What is the vineyard lifecylce?

A

Winter dormancy, Budburst, Early shoot and leaf growth, Flowering and fruit set, Version and Berry ripening, Harvest

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48
Q

What is bloom?

A

Waxy surface on the grape that contains yeast that can be used to ferment wine

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49
Q

What gases can you use to limit oxygen contact during winemaking?

A

Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen or carbon dioxide

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50
Q

What is anaerobic winemaking?

A

Protective winemaking - preventing oxygen exposure

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51
Q

What acts as an antioxidant and antiseptic in winemaking?

A

Sulfur Dioxide

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52
Q

What are two kinds of presses?

A

Vertical basket presses and pneumatic presses

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53
Q

What is the must weight?

A

Level of sugar in the grape juice

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54
Q

What is RCGM?

A

Rectified Concentrated Grape Must

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55
Q

What is chaptalization?

A

When sugar is added from other sources

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56
Q

What is used to acidify wine?

A

Tartaric acid

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57
Q

What is used to deacidify wine?

A

Alkali

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58
Q

What temp does fermentation happen?

A

Between 5 and 35 degrees C, 41-95 degrees F

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59
Q

What is Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

A

A type of commercial yeast in winemaking - resistant to alcohol and SO2

60
Q

What is MLF?

A

Malolactic fermentation: converts malic acid into lactic acid to soften and reduce acidity

61
Q

Difference between gross lees and fine lees

A

Gross lees: Sediment that forms and falls to the bottom of the tank and are removed
Fine lees: Smaller particles settle more slowly and are called fine lees

62
Q

What is sedimentation?

A

Racking by pumping the wine into another vessel after sediment has settled to the bottom

63
Q

What is fining?

A

Forces the particles to clump and be removed pre bottling

64
Q

What is the difference between depth and surface filtration?

A

Depth filtration: run through a thick filter
Surface filtration: run thought a very fine filters that the wine is run through - done after depth filtration

65
Q

What are tartrates?

A

Crystals that form when tartaric acid binds in cold temps

66
Q

What is Sussreserve?

A

Unfermented grape must

67
Q

What is Passerillage?

A

Drying the drapes on the vine

68
Q

What is the cap in winemaking?

A

Thick mass of pulp and skins on the surface during fermentation

69
Q

What is Carbonic Maceration?

A

Whole bunches are placed in a vat full of CO2 and intracellular fermentation begins - once it hits 2% alc, the skins split and juice is released, then they are pressed

70
Q

What is semi-carbonic maceration?

A

Vats are filled with whole bunches, but not CO2 - the grapes at the bottom are crushed and ambient yeast starts fermentation, this creates CO2 and that kicks off carbonic maceration

71
Q

Where is Merlot dominant in Bordeaux?

A

Saint-Emilion and Pomerol

72
Q

What is the most widely planted grape in southern Rhone?

A

Grenache

73
Q

What is usually the largest cost in an established vineyard?

A

Labor

74
Q

What are the 3 types of wine producers and what is the difference

A

Co-operatives: Wine businesses owned by their members, grape growers sell their grapes to a winery run by the co-op
Merchants/Negociants: Many large wine brands operate this way,, buy grapes, juice or wine from growers or co-ops and work with suppliers
Estate/Domaine: Make wine only from the grapes they grow

75
Q

What are the EU GIs?

A

PGI - larger areas
PDO - smaller areas, more regulation

76
Q

What is a French PDO?

A

AOP, AC or AOC

77
Q

What is a French PGI?

A

IGP, VdP or Vin de Pays

78
Q

What is a French wine without a GI?

A

Vin de France

79
Q

What kind of climate does Bordeaux have?

A

Moderate maritime

80
Q

What are the top black varieties in Bordeaux?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc

81
Q

What are the top white varieties in Bordeaux?

A

Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon

82
Q

What determined the top chateaus in Bordeaux that still stands today?

A

The classification of 1855

83
Q

What are the top chateaus in the Medoc?

A

Chateaux Laffite Rothschild, Chateaux Latour, Chateaux Margeaux, Chateaux Mouton Rothschild

84
Q

What is the top Chateaux in Sauternes?

A

Chateaux d’Yquem

85
Q

What are the 3 main areas or Bordeaux?

A

Left bank, right bank and Entre-Deux-Mers

86
Q

What are the main areas of the Left bank in Bordeaux?

A

Medoc, Graves and Sauternes

87
Q

What are the areas of the Right Bank in Bordeaux?

A

Saint Emillion and Pomerol

88
Q

What are the generic appellations for Bordeaux?

A

Bordeaux and Bordeaux Superieur

89
Q

What are the soils of Pomerol and Saint Emillion?

A

clay/limestone

90
Q

What is there a higher proportion of in Bas-Medoc or Medoc and why?

A

More merlot in the blends because of the clay soil

91
Q

What are the four highest rated communes in the Haute-Medoc?

A

Saint-Estephe, Paulliac, Saint-Julien and Margeaux

92
Q

What is there a higher proportion of in the Haute-Medoc?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

93
Q

What area is south of the city of Bordeaux on the left bank?

A

Graves

94
Q

What is the most highly rated area in Graves and what grape shines there?

A

Pessac-Leognan, Cabernet Sauvignon

95
Q

What are the 3 distinct areas of Saint-Emilion?

A

Plateau, escarpment and foot of the escarpment

96
Q

What does Cote de Bordeaux refer to?

A

Easy drinking Merlots from a group of lesser known appelations

97
Q

What is used to concentrate sugars in grapes for Sauternes when there is minimal noble rot that year?

A

Passerilage

98
Q

What region has a similar climate to Bordeaux, makes similar wines and contains the Bergerac and Monbazillac appelations?

A

The Dordogne

99
Q

What is the climate in Burgundy?

A

Moderate to cool continental

100
Q

What grapes other than Pinot Noir and Chardonnay are grown in Burgundy?

A

Gamay and Aligote

101
Q

What are the four major appellations in Burgundy?

A

Chablis, Cote d’Or, Côte Chalonnaise and Maconnais

102
Q

What are the two main parts of the Cote d’Or and what do they specialize in?

A

Cote de Nuits - fullest body and longest lived Pinot Noirs - all grand cru Pinot Noirs but one come from this region
Cote de Beaune - fruitier style and more famous for producing Chardonnays

103
Q

What are the notable villages in the Cote de Nuits?

A

Gevrey-Chambertin, Vougeot, Vosne-Romanee, Nuits-Saint-Georges

104
Q

Where are the villages of Aloxe-Corton, Beaune, Pommard, Volnay, Meursault, Puligny-Montrachet, Chassagne-Montrachet located?

A

Cote de Beaunne in the Cote d’Or

105
Q

What villages have the best reputation for white wine in the Cote de Beaunne?

A

Meursault, Puligny-Montrachet, Chassagne-Montrachet

106
Q

What appellation is below the Cote d’Or with a higher altitude and lighter wines?

A

The Côte Chalonnaise

107
Q

What appellation in Burgundy primarily grows Chardonnay and also grows Gamay?

A

Maconnais

108
Q

What is special about Pouilly-Fuisse and Saint-Veran in Macon?

A

They have amphitheater south-east slopes and create ripe Chardonnays

109
Q

What are the most generic appellation labels in Burgundy?

A

Bourgogne Rouge and Bourgogne Blanc

110
Q

What are the hierarchies of Burgundy appellations from least to most prestigious?

A

Regional, commune and single vineyard

111
Q

What is a monopole?

A

A vineyard with a single owner - France

112
Q

What are two things that reduce yield of the Gamay in Beaujolais?

A

Granite soils, goblet pruning method

113
Q

What winemaking method is common in Beaujolais, especially with Beaujolais Nouveau?

A

Carbon and semi-carbonic maceration

114
Q

What is the climate of Alsace?

A

Cool to moderate continental

115
Q

What are the noble grapes of Alsace?

A

Pinot Gris, Gewurztraminer, Riesling, Muscat

116
Q

What is unique about wine labeling in Alsace?

A

It is varietal named - village is rarely mentioned

117
Q

What’s the requirement for an Alsace Grand Cru?

A

Must be 100% of one of the noble varieties

118
Q

What are the two sugar ripeness classifications in Alsace?

A

Vendanges Tardives (VT) - Late harvest - the best will have undergone passerillage
Selection de Grains Nobles (SGN) - Higher ripeness level that VT and normally achieved with noble rot

Both must be noble varieites

119
Q

What are the natural factors that affect the style, quality and price of a wine?

A

Grapes, climate, weather, soil

120
Q

What are the human factors that affect the style, quality and price of a wine?

A

Grape growing, winemaking, maturation, market forces

121
Q

What insect normally spreads bacteria to a vine?

A

Sharp shooter

122
Q

What is an example of integrated pest management?

A

Introducing lady bugs to the vineyard to keep other bugs away

123
Q

What is sussreserve?

A

Unfermented grape juice added to sweeten a wine

124
Q

What is a famous DAC for Gruner in Austria?

A

Weinvertel DAC

125
Q

What area is known for the main red grapes of Austria?

A

Muttelburgenland DAC

126
Q

What are the 3 ways to make Rose?

A

Mix, Direct Pressing, Short Maceration

127
Q

What is chaptalization?

A

The addition of RCGM or sugar

128
Q

Where are the villages Brouilly, Morgon, Fleurie and Moulin-a-vent located?

A

Beaujolais

129
Q

Another name for Tempranillo

A

Tinto Roriz

130
Q

What are the two kinds of presses?

A

Vertical basket press (old school), pneumatic press (new tech)

131
Q

What does TCA (Trichloroanisole) do to a wine?

A

Taint it - makes it smell like wet cardboard

132
Q

What does a wine smell like when it’s been effected by Reduction?

A

Rotten eggs, boiled cabbage

133
Q

What does volatile acidity smell like in a wine?

A

Vinegar or nail polish remover

134
Q

What does Brettanomyces cause wine to smell like?

A

Gives it plastic (hot vinyl) or animal aromas (smoked meat, sweaty horses)

135
Q

What are the top two villages in Maconnais?

A

Pouilly-Fuisse and Saint-Veran

136
Q

Where are Rully, Mercurey, Givry and Montagny?

A

Cote Chalonnaise

137
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the vine?

A

Roots, Permanent wood, 1 year-old wood , Green parts (also known as the canopy: leaves, grapes, tendrils, etc.)

138
Q

What is 1 year old wood/cane?

A

Last years shoot

139
Q

Difference between and cane and a cordon

A

Cane is 1 year old wood and cordon is permanent wood

140
Q

What is a vines annual cycle?

A

Budburst: early spring
First shoot/leaf growth: spring
Flowering: late spring/early summer
Fruit set: early summer
Véraison: summer
Ripening: summer/late summer
Harvest: late summer/early autumn
Dormancy: winter

141
Q

What current warms Bordeaux and extends the growing season?

A

Gulf Stream

142
Q

What protects Bordeaux from the worst Atlantic storms?

A

Landes forest

143
Q

What are the three areas of St Emillion and what are their soils?

A

Plateau (gravel/limestone), Escarpment (clay/limestone), Foot of the escarpment (sandy) - first two are most prestigious

144
Q

What grape and region is Pouilly-Fuisse and the similarly names Pouilly-Fume

A

Pouilly-Fuisse is in Burgundy in Macconais and is known for Chardonnay - Pouilly-Fume is in the Loire Valley in the Central vineyards near Sancerre and is known for Sauvignon Blanc

145
Q

What is racking?

A

Pumping wine into a new vessel

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