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WSET Level 3 > WSET Level 3 Ch 31-45 > Flashcards

WSET Level 3 Ch 31-45 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the wine laws designated by in the US?

A

AVAs (American viticultural areas)

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2
Q

Where in the USA is the cold ocean current crucial, the valleys act like funnels for cool air and the areas with no ocean influence are hot?

A

California

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3
Q

What black grape is the main grape grown in the Russian River Valley, Los Carneros and Santa Maria Valley?

A

Pinot Noir

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4
Q

What grape is designated as California’s “own”?

A

Zinfandel

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5
Q

Carneros and Russian River Valley are known for refined versions of what white grape?

A

Chardonnay

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6
Q

Where in California are Napa, Sonoma and Mendocino?

A

The North Coast

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7
Q

In California, the temp goes up as you move farther…

A

North

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8
Q

What grapes are grown in Los Carneros in the southernmost part of the North Coast?

A

Pinot Noir and Chardonnay

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9
Q

What grape are Stags Leap, Yountville, Oakville and Rutherford known for in Napa?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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10
Q

Saint Helena and Calistoga are the farthest north in Napa. What wines are they known for?

A

Full bodied Cabernet, Syrah and Zinfandel

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11
Q

Where is the Russian River Valley in California?

A

Sonoma

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12
Q

What is Dry Creek Valley known for?

A

Old vine Zinfandel

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13
Q

What is Alexander Valley known for?

A

Rich, full cabernet

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14
Q

What is the difference geographically between Sonoma Valley AVA and Sonoma Coast AVA?

A

Sonoma Valley is south near Napa (similar styles) and Sonoma Coast runs west and grapes are planted on slopes to ripen

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15
Q

What cool AVA in Mendocino focuses on aromatic grapes?

A

Anderson Valley

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16
Q

Where are Santa Cruz Mountains, Monterey, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara Counties located in Cali?

A

Central Coast

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17
Q

Santa Cruz AVA has infertile soil and is known for some of California’s most elegant…

A

Cabernets

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18
Q

Monterey AVA has a strong Pacific influence and what grapes are grown on the coast and further south?

A

Pinot Noir and Chardonnay on the coast and Cabernet, Merlot and Syrah further south

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19
Q

What is Santa Lucia AVA known for?

A

High quality Chardonnay

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20
Q

What is the eastern part of Paso Robles known for?

A

It’s hot, sunny and fertile so high volume wines are made

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21
Q

What is the western part of Paso Robles known for?

A

It’s cooled by the ocean and makes quality Zinfandel and Rhone Varieties

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22
Q

Santa Maria Valley, Santa Barbara County and Santa Rita Hills are known for?

A

Premium Pinot Noir and Chardonnay

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23
Q

Santa Ynez is known for?

A

Syrah, Pinot Noir and Chardonnay

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24
Q

Where are Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys and Lodi located in Cali?

A

The Central Valley

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25
Q

What is most of the Central Valley of Cali known for?

A

Inexpensive, high volume wines

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26
Q

Why is Lodi unique in the central valley?

A

It lies east and is cooled by the ocean breezes - makes some of the best old vine Zinfandel in Cali

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27
Q

Where in Oregon lies west of Cascade mountains with long sunny days and cool nights?

A

Willamette Valley AVA

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28
Q

What is grown in Willamette Valley AVA?

A

Pinot Noir and Pinot Gris

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29
Q

Where are Umpqua Valley and Rogue Valley located?

A

Southern Oregon AVA - warmer but hills can be cool

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30
Q

Where in Washington lies east of Cascade mountains with a rain shadow?

A

Columbia Valley AVA

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31
Q

Where are Yakima Valley and Walla Walla AVA located?

A

Columbia Valley AVA

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32
Q

What grapes are mostly grown in Washington state?

A

Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah and Chardonnay and Riesling

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33
Q

What moderates the continental climate in Canada?

A

Large lakes

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34
Q

What grape is used for Icewine in Canada?

A

Vidal

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35
Q

What grape other than Vidal does well in the Niagara Peninsula and Okanagan Valley?

A

Riesling

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36
Q

What is the depression between the coastal mountains and Andes called in Chile?

A

The Central Valley

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37
Q

What is the Climate in Chile

A

Warm Mediterranean

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38
Q

What flows up from Antarctica in Chile to cool the area?

A

The Humboldt current

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39
Q

Where are Elqui Valley, Limari Valley and Choapa Valley located in Chile?

A

Coquimbo region

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40
Q

What is Elqui Valley Chile known for?

A

Sauvignon Blanc and Syrah

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41
Q

What valley produces Chile’s best Chardonnay?

A

Limari Valley

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42
Q

Where are the Aconcagua Valley, Casablanca Valley and the San Antonio Valley and Leyda Valley located in Chile?

A

Aconcagua Region

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43
Q

What grape is successful in the cool areas of the Casablanca Valley, San Antonio Valley and Leyda Valley?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

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44
Q

What are the top white grapes in Chile?

A

Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay

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45
Q

What are the top red grapes in Chile?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Carmenere

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46
Q

What grape is used to make the grape brandy Pisco?

A

Muscat of Alexandria

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47
Q

What is the southernmost Mallerco Valley known for in Chile?

A

Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

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48
Q

What Valley is known for Sauvignon Blanc in Chile thanks to the cooler weather?

A

San Antonio Valley

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49
Q

What grapes are the inexpensive wines of the Central Valley in Chile made of?

A

Merlot and Chardonnay

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50
Q

Where are the Maipo Valley, Cachapoal Valley, Colchagua Valley, Curico Valley and Maule Valley located in Chile?

A

Central Valley

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51
Q

What is Maipo Valley in Chile known for?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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52
Q

Where are Itata Valley, Bio Bio Valley and Mallerco Valley located in Chile?

A

Southern Region

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53
Q

What is mostly grown in the southern region of Chile?

A

Pais and Muscat de Alexandria

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54
Q

What keeps the vineyards cool and hydrated in Argentina?

A

Altitude and irrigation

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55
Q

What is a parral in Argentina?

A

Vertical trellises/pergolas

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56
Q

Top black grapes in Argentina?

A

Malbec and Bonarda

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57
Q

Top white grapes in Argentina?

A

Torrontes and Chardonnay

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58
Q

What province in Argentina has some of the highest vineyards in the world?

A

Salta Province

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59
Q

What grape dominates in the Salta Province and specifically Cafayate?

A

Torrentes (does well in high altitude)

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60
Q

What is Famantina Valley in La Rioja Province known for?

A

Large volumes grown on the valley floor

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61
Q

What is the second more important province in Argentina known for Syrah?

A

San Juan Province

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62
Q

What causes the desert like conditions in Mendoza?

A

Rain shadow from the Andes

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63
Q

What is Lujan de Cuyo known for in Mendoza?

A

Malbec

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64
Q

Where are Maipu, Uco Valley and Tupungato located in Argentina?

A

Mendoza

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65
Q

Where are Rio Negro and Neuquen province in Argentina?

A

Patagonia region

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66
Q

What is the climate in Australia and what are the major risks?

A

Warm/hot with drought and bushfire risks

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67
Q

What are the two main black grapes in Australia?

A

Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon

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68
Q

What are the four main white grapes in Australia?

A

Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, Riesling

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69
Q

What are the classic regions in Australia for Riesling?

A

Eden Valley and Clare Valley

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70
Q

What cooler regions of Australia are known for Pinot Noir?

A

Yarra Valley, Mornington Peninsula and Tasmania

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71
Q

Where in Australia is warm, dry and the heartland of fine wine production, particularly Shiraz, Cabernet, Grenache and unoaked Semillon?

A

Barossa Valley

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72
Q

Where is South Australia is high altitude and is known for Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay and Pinot Noir?

A

Adeliade Hills

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73
Q

Where in Australia has a moderate maritime climate with terra rossa soil and is known for Cabernet?

A

Coonawarra

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74
Q

Where do reds like old vine Shiraz, Grenache and Cabernet thrive in South Australia?

A

McLaren Vale

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75
Q

What is the coolest zone in Australia?

A

Victoria

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76
Q

Where are Yarra Valley, Mornington Peninsula, Geelong, Heathcote and Goulburn Valley in Australia?

A

Victoria - a lot of Pinot and Chardonnay - listed from least to most inland

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77
Q

What is the style of Hunter Valley Semillon?

A

Light body, low alc, high acid - can age 20-30 years - picked early intentionally

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78
Q

What region of Australia is hot and humid with cloud cover and ocean breezes? Also known for Semillon

A

Hunter Valley

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79
Q

Where in Western Australia has a warm climate, high rainfall and makes Cabernet blended with Merlot and Chardonnay blended with Semillon?

A

Margaret River

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80
Q

What is the new region in Western Australia that makes shiraz, Cabernet and Reisling?

A

Great Southern

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81
Q

Where in Australia is cool maritime that is known for Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and Sparkling?

A

Tasmania

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82
Q

What is the climate in New Zealand?

A

Maritime

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83
Q

What are the top white grapes in New Zealand?

A

Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Riesling, Gewürztraminer and Pinot Gris

84
Q

What are the top black grapes in New Zealand?

A

Pinot Noir, Merlot, Cabernet and some Syrah

85
Q

On what island are Auckland, Gisborne, Hawke’s Bay and Wairarapa in New Zealand?

A

North island - from most north (hot and wet) to south

86
Q

What is Gimblett Gravels in Hawke’s bay known for?

A

Gravel soil and Bordeaux style blends

87
Q

What has Martinborough in Wairarapa on the southern tip of the north island gained global recognition for?

A

Pinot Noir

88
Q

On what island are Marlborough, Nelson, Canterbury and Central Otago in New Zealand?

A

South Island (cooler)

89
Q

What is the difference in style between the Wairau Valley and Awatere Valley in Marlborough?

A

Wairau makes more tropical style Sauvignon Blanc, Awatere is more herbaceous style

90
Q

For what purpose are Pinot Noir and Chardonnay grown in Marlborough?

A

Sparkling production

91
Q

What area in Canterbury is cool because of the ocean but warmed by winds and known for high quality Riesling?

A

Waipara valley

92
Q

What is the different climate type of Central Otago? What is the area known for?

A

Continental, full bodied Pinot Noir because of intense sunshine

93
Q

Why do grapes for sparkling wine need to be low sugar?

A

There are two fermentations

94
Q

What are the 5 methods to make sparkling wine?

A

Traditional, Transfer, Tank, Asti and Carbonation

95
Q

Traditional method sparkling is sold in the bottle that the second fermentation takes place…true or false?

A

True

96
Q

What flavors should the base wine have in traditional method sparkling?

A

Neutral

97
Q

What is added to the base wine before the second fermentation for traditional method?

A

Liqueur de tirage (mixture of yeast, sugar, wine, yeast nutrients and clarifying agents)

98
Q

How is the bottle stacked for second fermentation and what is inside the bottle for traditional method?

A

Horizontal, a little cup to catch the sediment

99
Q

What kind of cap is used on the second fermentation for traditional method?

A

crown cap

100
Q

What is yeast autolysis?

A

The yeast die after fermentation and the wine ages on the lees for 4-5 years with traditional method

101
Q

What is the process of slowly positioning traditional method bottles vertically?

A

Riddling

102
Q

What was the old fashioned way of riddling called?

A

Pupitre

103
Q

What is the process of disgorgment?

A

The neck of the bottle is submerged in a very cold brine and it freezes the neck of the wine and when the cap is removed, the frozen sediment and plastic cup shoot out

104
Q

What is the wine topped off with after disgorgment?

A

liqueur d’expedition or dosage (wine and sugar mixture)

105
Q

Why is the transfer method different than the traditional method?

A

The wine is not riddled, it is removed from the bottle after yeast autolysis, filtered, has dosage added and put in a new bottle

106
Q

True or false - only the first fermentation takes place in a steel tank for the tank method

A

False - both do

107
Q

What sparkling method is good for aromatic varieties and retains fruit flavors?

A

Tank

108
Q

Where is the Asti method used?

A

Piemonte

109
Q

How many fermentations take place in the Asti method?

A

one

110
Q

The juice for Asti is stored until needed and then what is the process?

A

It is heated up to start fermentation in pressurized tanks - it ferments until ~7% and is the filtered and bottles for immediate sale

111
Q

What is the cheapest method for sparkling wine?

A

Carbonation - injected into still wine

112
Q

What are the sweetness levels of sparkling wine?

A

Brut Nature (0-3g/L), Extra Brut, Brut, Extra-Sec, Sec, Demi-Sec, Doux (50+g/L)

113
Q

Sparkling rose sometimes uses blending for color - true or false?

A

True - also short maceration

114
Q

What grape does Montagne de Reims and Cote des Bar mostly use in Champagne?

A

Pinot Noir

115
Q

What grape does Cote de Blancs and Cote Sezanne mostly in Champagne?

A

Chardonnay

116
Q

What are the chalk soils in Champagne good for?

A

Drainage and water retention

117
Q

What is the first liquid off the press called in Champagne?

A

Cuvee - the best will only be made of this

118
Q

How long must non-vintage Champagnes be aged?

A

15 months, 12 on the lees

119
Q

How long does Vintage Champagne need to be aged?

A

36 months

120
Q

What is the minimum time spent on the lees for Cremant sprakling?

A

9 months

121
Q

What are the most important Cremant ACs?

A

Cremant d’Alsace, Crémant de Bourgogne, Cremant de Loire

122
Q

What region in France is next largest sparkling producer after Champagne?

A

Loire Valley

123
Q

What areas of the Loire Valley make sparkling wine?

A

Saumur and Vouvray

124
Q

How long does Cava need to spend on the lees?

A

9 months

125
Q

What grapes are used in Cava?

A

Macabeo (viura), Xarel-lo, Parellada

126
Q

What grapes are used in Rose Cava?

A

Grenache and Monastrell

127
Q

What sparkling from Italy is made from Muscat Blanc and meant to be drunk young?

A

Asti

128
Q

What is the grape used in Prosecco?

A

Glera

129
Q

What areas make up Prosecco DOC?

A

Veneto and Fruili

130
Q

What quality makes Conegliano-Valdobbiadene DOCG higher quality Prosecco?

A

limestone hills

131
Q

What do the terms Cartizze and Rive mean on Prosecco bottles?

A

From an exceptional vineyard site

132
Q

What country has the highest sparkling consumption per capita in the world?

A

Germany

133
Q

What sparkling normally uses base wine from Italy or France and uses the tank method?

A

Sekt

134
Q

What does Deusher Sekt mean?

A

Base wine is from Germany

135
Q

What cool regions in Australia make traditionally method sparkling with Chardonnay and Pinot Noir?

A

Yarra Valley, Adelaide Hills and Tasmania

136
Q

What cool region in New Zealand makes the most traditionally method sparkling with Chardonnay and Pinot Noir?

A

Marlborough

137
Q

What is traditional sparkling made with Chardonnay and Pinot Noir called in South Africa?

A

Methode Cap Classique

138
Q

What AVAs in Cali make the best traditional method sparkling wine?

A

Los Carneros and Anderson Valley

139
Q

What is the climate in Jerez?

A

Hot mediterranean

140
Q

What are the poniente and levante?

A

Poniente is the cool humid wind and the Levente is the hot drying wind

141
Q

What is the soil in Sherry called and why is it important?

A

Albariza - high chalk content to keep cool and retain water - forms a crust in the summer to retain water

142
Q

What are the 3 grapes grown for Sherry?

A

Palomino (vast majority) , Pedro Ximinex (PX) - thick skin good for drying (sweet) , Muscat de Alexandria (sweet)

143
Q

What are the two types of aging for dry sherry?

A

Oxidative and biological

144
Q

What is the process for Dry sherry up to oxidative or biological aging?

A

Grapes are pressed and fermented to create a neutral base wine of 11-12% abv

145
Q

What is sobretabla?

A

The top row of the solera system, the youngest wine

146
Q

What is wine for oxidative aging fortified to in order to kill the flor?

A

17%

147
Q

What % is wine used for biological aging fortified to keep the flor from dying?

A

15-15.5%

148
Q

What are the 600-litre barrels sherry is aged is called?

A

Butts

149
Q

How full are sherry barrels in the solera system?

A

5/6 - for oxygen contact

150
Q

What are the levels of the solera system called?

A

Criaderas

151
Q

Why does new sherry need to be added to the solera system?

A

The flor feeds off the alcohol and nutrients

152
Q

What sherries are aged oxidatively without flor?

A

Oloroso, PX and Muscat

153
Q

What sherry is oxidatively aged after a period of biological aging?

A

Amontillado

154
Q

What two sherries have only biological aging and should be drunk young?

A

Fino (made inland) and Manzanilla (made on the coast)

155
Q

What sherry is RARE with both oxidative and biological aging?

A

Palo cortado

156
Q

What are the two naturally sweet sherries?

A

PX (deep brown)and Muscat (more citrus flavor)

157
Q

What are the sweetened sherries?

A

Pale cream, medium and cream

158
Q

What are the aging techniques for each of the sweetened sherry types? What are they sweetened with?

A

Pale cream - biological - RCGM
Medium - both - PX
cream - oxidative - PX

159
Q

What are the age indicators of Sherry?

A

VOS - avg 20 years
VORS - avg 30 years

160
Q

What are the two cities where Port is made?

A

Porto and Vila Nova Gaia

161
Q

What are the three regions of vineyards that make Port each known for? Baixo Corgo, Cima Corgo and Douro Superior

A

Baixo Corgo - lightest wines
Cima Corgo - most top vineyards
Douro Superior - renowned for quality

162
Q

What is the bedrock in the Porto vineyards made of that allows the roots to reach the deep water reserves in the hot climate?

A

Schist

163
Q

What are narrow terraces supported by stone walls in the Porto vineyards called? They are expensive and hard to maintain

A

Socalcos

164
Q

What is the newer method of vineyard organization in Porto vineyards with no walls and terraces wide enough for tractor access called?

A

Patamares

165
Q

What are the low angled slopes can use a unterraced system in Porto vineyards called?

A

Vinha ao alto

166
Q

What are some qualities of the grapes used in Port?

A

Thick skinned, high tannin

167
Q

What are the three methods used to extract color and tannin in Port?

A

Foot treading, Autovinifiers (CO2 pressure) and Piston plungers

168
Q

Why are there time constraints around extracting tannin and color while Port is fermenting?

A

Fermentation is stopped at 5-9% or in 24-36 hours

169
Q

Where is foot treading done for Port?

A

in Legares

170
Q

How is Port fortified to meet the required 19-22% abv?

A

A spirit or aguardente no stronger than 77% abv is used to do this and a lot is used (up to 20% of the final bottle)

171
Q

Why is Port normally aged in Vila Nova Gaia with the exception of Tawny?

A

It’s cooler - Tawny you want the warmth for the loss of color

172
Q

What type of Port is predominantly fruity with minimal oxygen contact and short aging?

A

Ruby

173
Q

Why are some LBVs and all vintage Ports unfiltered?

A

So they can benefit from bottle aging

174
Q

What type of Port undergoes long oxidative aging in barrels called pipes? They are fully developed when bottled and shouldn’t be aged

A

Tawny

175
Q

What does Reserva mean for Port?

A

An official tasting panel determines if they are a level above - tawny must be aged 6 years

176
Q

What does LBV mean for Port?

A

Late Bottle Vintage means they have been aged in large oak barrels for 4-6 years

177
Q

What does Tawny Port with an age indication mean?

A

Shows the average age and are complex - should be consumed soon after release

178
Q

What does Vintage mean for Port?

A

Producers must registered within 2 years and bottle within 3 to be labeled vintage - they are harsh upon release but should be aged in the bottle (can be for decades) - normally a blend of the finest wines from the best vineyards a producer has

179
Q

What are Singe quinta vintage ports?

A

From a single estate

180
Q

What are the consistent qualities for all types of muscats?

A

They all have low to med acidity and have perfumed aromas of orange blossom, rose and grape

181
Q

Where do Muscats thrive?

A

Warm to hot climates

182
Q

What is a notable example for a youthful unaged Muscat from Southern Rhone?

A

Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise

183
Q

How is Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise made?

A

Grapes are picked, crushed (sometimes there is skin contact to enhance aromatic qualities) and cool fermentation is stopped with a 96% abv grape spirit

184
Q

What is a notable fully developed and aged muscat from Australia?

A

Rutherglen

185
Q

How is Rutherglen made?

A

Ripe and sometimes raisined grapes are picked, grapes are fermented on skins to 2% abv and then undergo oxidative aging for up to decades, sometimes new wine is added before bottling for freshness

186
Q

What is wine from La Rioja in Argentina labeled?

A

La Famantina

187
Q

What is the cold current and the cool wind in South Africa that cool the region?

A

Benguela current and “The Cape Doctor”

188
Q

What is the GI system in South Afrtica?

A

W.O. - Wine of Origin

189
Q

What is Pinotage a crossing of?

A

Pinot Noir and Cinsault

190
Q

What is a Cape Blend?

A

A blend made with Pinotage

191
Q

What are the main black grapes in South Africa?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Syrah, Pinot Noir in the coolest areas - Bordeaux blends are made

192
Q

What are the top two white grapes grown in South Africa?

A

Chenin Blanc and Colombard (for brandy) - Sauv Blanc, Chardonnay and Musct are also grown

193
Q

What is the Orange River in the Northern Cape known for?

A

Inexpensive, high volume wine

194
Q

Where in the Western Cape is moderate to warm with a variety of grapes grown and is known for fine wine - top red wine with Bordeaux style blends

A

Stellenbosch

195
Q

What two wines is Constantia known for?

A

Sauvignon Blanc and Vin de Constance (muscat de alexandria sweet wine)

196
Q

What region in South Africa used to be known for inexpensive wine and now is known for old vine Chenin Blanc and dry farmed Syrah?

A

Swartland

197
Q

What larger, warmer region lies north of Stellenbosch and grows a variety of wines due to the variety of terrain?

A

Paarl - Cab, Syrah, Pinotage, Chenin Blanc and Chardonnay

198
Q

What regions in the Breed River Valley have become reliable areas for high volume wine?

A

Worcester and Robertson

199
Q

What ward in Walker Bay on the South Coast makes some of the best Chardonnay and Pinot Noir in South Africa?

A

Hemel-en-Aarde

200
Q

What grape do Durbanville, Elgin and Elim specialize in?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

201
Q

Why is Hunter Valley Semillon famous?

A

It is harvested early for a low sugar, high acid wine that can be aged for 20-30 years

202
Q

What flavors does oak bring out in Pinotage?

A

Chocolate and coffee - they use heavily toasted oak

203
Q

What % Pinotage does a Cape blend need to be?

A

75%

204
Q

What is “California’s” grape?

A

Zinfandel - ripens unevenly

205
Q

What is the difference in aspect between Howell Mountain and Mount Veeder?

A

Howell Mountain has a west facing aspect so it gets more hot afternoon sun - fuller wines

206
Q

What are the reliable areas of SE Australia known for high volume, inexpensive wine?

A

Murray-Darling, Riverina, Riverland

WSET Level 3 (3 decks)

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