WWu Psychology mana: Chapter 7 (Cognition and Conditioning)

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

Pairing neutral stimuli with natural stimuli to produce a response

Question 2

Learning

Answer 2

Involves the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner (associative), Based on experiences, Produces changes in organism, changes are relatively permanent

Question 3

Habituation

Answer 3

general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding

Question 4

Sensitization

Answer 4

presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus (hypersensitive to secondary stimulus)

Question 5

Classical Conditioning

Answer 5

When a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

Question 6

Acquisition

Answer 6

the phase of classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented together (gradually increase in learning)

Question 7

Second-order Conditioning

Answer 7

conditioning where a conditioned stimulus is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the unconditioned stimulus in an earlier procedure

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 9

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

Question 10

Generalization

Answer 10

conditioned response is observed even though the conditioned stimulus is slightly different than the conditioned stimulus used during acquisition

Question 11

Discrimination

Answer 11

the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

Question 12

Operant Conditioning

Answer 12

A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future

Question 13

Thorndike

Answer 13

tested hungry cats in a puzzle box to get them to do something or solve a problem (developed skill for triggering lever for release/instrumental behavior)

Question 14

Law of Effect

Answer 14

(Thorndike) behaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated and those that produce “an unpleasant state of affairs” are less likely to be repeated

Question 15

Operant Behavior

Answer 15

behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment

Question 16

Reinforcer

Answer 16

any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it (more efficient than punisher)

Question 17

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 17

help satisfy biological needs

Question 18

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 18

derive effectiveness from their associations with primary reinforcers through classical conditioning

Question 19

Punisher

Answer 19

any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

Question 20

Positive Reinforcer

Answer 20

when rewarding stimulus is presented to increase likelihood of behavior

Question 21

Negative Reinforcer

Answer 21

when unpleasant stimulus is removed to increase likelihood of behavior

Question 22

Positive Punisher

Answer 22

when unpleasant stimulus is administered to decrease likelihood of behavior

Question 23

Negative Punisher

Answer 23

when rewarding stimulus is removed to decrease likelihood of behavior

Question 24

Stimulus Control

Answer 24

when a particular response only occurs when an appropriate discriminative stimulus, a stimulus that indicates that a response will be reinforced, is present

Question 25

Interval Schedules

Answer 25

based on time intervals between reinforcements

Question 26

Fixed Interval Schedule

Answer 26

reinforcers are presented at fixed time periods provided that the appropriate response is made

Question 27

Variable Interval Schedule

Answer 27

behavior is reinforced based on average time that has expired since last reinforcement

Question 28

Ratio Schedule

Answer 28

based on the ratio of responses to reinforcements

Question 29

Fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 29

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses has been made

Question 30

Variable-ratio schedule

Answer 30

the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

Question 31

Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 31

when only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

Question 32

Intermittent Reinforcement Effect

Answer 32

the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement

Question 33

Shaping

Answer 33

learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior

Question 34

Superstitious Behavior

Answer 34

Repeating behaviors that had accidentally been reinforced

Question 35

Trace Conditioning

Answer 35

the conditioned stimulus ends, before unconditioned stimulus begins (cerebellum responsible)

Question 36

Delay Conditioning

Answer 36

before conditioned stimulus turns off, unconditioned stimulus appears (cerebellum responsible)

Question 37

Amygdala

Answer 37

fear/emotional conditioning

Question 38

Hippocampus

Answer 38

necessary for trace but not delay conditioning

Question 39

Conditioned Taste Aversions

Answer 39

(John Garcia) subject learns to avoid a food that has been paired with illness, CTAs are rapid, trace conditioning is required, should occur more often with novel food

Question 40

Skinner

Answer 40

had a production line for data generation with ________ boxes looking for reinforcement, delay, etc.

Question 41

Nucleus Accumbens

Answer 41

produces perception of reward

Question 42

The release of dopamine in the ___________ is reinforcing:

Answer 42

1) Animals will bar press for electrical stimulation of these dopamine neurons, 2) food/water/sex/drugs increase dopamine release in __________, 3) dopamine antagonists (block dopamine receptors) decrease the reinforcing effects of food/water/sex/drugs.

Question 43

Ventral Tegmentum Area

Answer 43

reinforcer/punisher information activated when reinforcer/punisher is released

Question 44

Intracranial self-stimulation

Answer 44

electrical current activates certain electrodes in a tiny section of the brain for reward and action potential (dopamine)

Question 45

Amygdala

Answer 45

fear conditioning

Question 46

Cerebellum

Answer 46

motor skills and learning conditioning

Question 47

Biological Preparedness

Answer 47

a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others (some behaviors are relatively easy to condition in some species but not others)

Question 48

Adaptive Behaviors

Answer 48

allow an organism to grow and survive in environment

Question 49

Means-End Relationship

Answer 49

Tolman suggested that conditioning experience produced knowledge that a specific reward (end state) will appear if a specific response (means to that end) is made

Question 50

Latent Learning

Answer 50

(Tolman) something is learned, but is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future, *very dependent on the hippocampus found in temporal lobes

Question 51

Cognitive Map

Answer 51

a mental representation of the physical features of the environment (developed through learning)

Question 52

James Olds

Answer 52

Pleasure centers found by rats pressing lever down to electrically stimulate their brain

Question 53

Medial Forebrain Bundle

Answer 53

neuron pathway that meanders its way from the midbrain through the hypothalamus into the nucleus accumbens, most susceptible to stimulation that produces pleasure

Question 54

Observational Learning

Answer 54

Learning takes place by watching the actions of others

Question 55

Diffusion Chain

Answer 55

where individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior, and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior

Question 56

Enculturation Hypothesis

Answer 56

(Tomasello) being raised in a human culture has profound effect on the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees, especially their ability to understand intentions of others when performing tasks which in turn increases observational learning capacities

Question 57

Ullrich Neisser

Answer 57

father of cognitive psychology

Question 58

Cognition

Answer 58

Information learned simply because it is there... (all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.), *Cognitive psychology based on notion that information is learned, stored, manipulated and associated on the chance it MIGHT be useful some day.)

Question 59

Cognitive Learning

Answer 59

occurs in the absence of any obvious or immediate reward or explicit pairing of stimuli... or even an obvious change in behavior

Question 60

Edward Tolman

Answer 60

laid foundation for what Neisser called cognitive psychology, *coined latent learning*

Question 61

Wolfgang Kohler

Answer 61

studied learning and memory in primates in a natural environment (found work of Pavlov and Watson uninteresting)

Question 62

A-HA learning

Answer 62

(Kohler) Happens when you suddenly figure out what something means, *frontal lobes critical for this type of learning*

Question 63

Albert Bandura

Answer 63

Found that people don't actually have to perform act, you can watch someone and learn from it, even when you do not share in their rewards

Question 64

Vicarious Reward

Answer 64

facilitates this learning, if the observed behaviour results in a positive reward the behaviour is likely to be "modelled", but it is less likely if the observed behaviour results in a negative reward

Question 65

Von Economo

Answer 65

noticed monstrous cell bodies that were points where large amounts of information can be stored

Question 66

Mirror Neuron System

Answer 66

found in frontal and parietal lobes (Parietal-Temporal Junction), discovered by accident, when someone does something or watches someone else do something