XII Chap 10 Microbes Flashcards
1
Q
Microbes can exist in temperatures as high as 100°C or highly acidic environments. T or F?
A
True
2
Q
Protozoa, bacteria, fungi, microscopic animal/plant viruses, viroids and prions are all _________
A
Microbes
3
Q
Microbes like ______ and ______ can be grown on nutritive media to form colonies that can be seen with naked eye
A
fungi and bacteria
4
Q
______ virus causes respiratory infections
A
Adenovirus
5
Q
Tobacco mosaic virus is ___-shaped
A
Rod
6
Q
Are all microbes harmful / pathogenic?
A
No
7
Q
_________ grows in milk and converts it to curd. Describe the process.
A
Lactobacillus / lactic acid bacteria (LAB);
produce acids that coagulate and partially digest milk proteins
8
Q
What is another name for starter?
A
inoculum
9
Q
LAB increases nutritional quality in curd by increasing ____
A
Vitamin B12
10
Q
LAB play a beneficial role in checking disease-causing microbes in the stomach. True or False?
A
True
11
Q
Dough like dosa and idli is fermented by ______
A
bacteria
12
Q
Puffed-up appearance of idli/dosa dough is due to ______
A
CO2 produced by bacteria
13
Q
Bread is fermented by _____________
A
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast aka brewer’s yeast)
14
Q
Toddy is made by ______________
A
fermenting sap from palms
15
Q
______ is one of the oldest foods in which microbes were used
A
Cheese
16
Q
Large holes in ‘Swiss cheese’ is due to ________
A
large amount of CO2 produced by bacterium Propionibacterium sharmanii
17
Q
Roquefort cheese are ripened by ________ which also give them a particular flavor
A
fungi
18
Q
What are fermentors?
A
Very large vessels
Grow microbes
Industrial scale production
19
Q
Malted cereals and fruit juices are fermented beverages formed using?
A
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer’s yeast)
20
Q
Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces ______ in the process of fermenting beverages
A
ethanol
21
Q
Two types of processing in fermented beverages?
A
With distillation of fermented broth (whisky, brandy and rum) Without distillation (wine and beer)
22
Q
Meaning of ‘anti’ ‘biotic’
A
Against life (i.e. against disease causing organisms)
23
Q
______________ was the first antibiotic to be discovered
A
Penicillin
24
Q
Who discovered Penicillin and how?
A
Alexander Fleming, observed a mould growing around which Staphylococci bacteria could not grow;
full potential discovered by Ernest Chain and Howard Florey
25
What was Penicillin used for when first discovered?
treat American soldiers wounded in World War II
26
___________ were awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering Penicillin
Fleming, Chain and Florey (1945)
27
What are some diseases that antibiotics have helped treat?
Plague,
Whooping cough (kaali khansi),
diphtheria (gal ghotu),
leprosy (kusht rog)
28
What microbes produce acids?
```
Aspergillus niger (fungus) -> citric acid
Acetobacter aceti (bacterium) -> acetic acid
Clostridium butylicum (bacterium) -> butyric acid
Lactobacillus (bacterium) -> lactic acid
```
29
________ is used for commercial production of ethanol
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)
30
What are some examples of enzymes made by microbes? And their uses?
Lipase => detergent formulations, oily stains
Pectinase => clarify bottled juices
Protease => clarify bottled juices
Streptokinase => removing clots from blood vessels of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction leading to heart attack
Amylase => textiles
31
Streptokinase is produced by _________
bacterium Streptococcus
32
Cyclosporin A is used as _________ and Statins is used for ________
an immunosuppressive agent in organ transplants;
| lowering blood cholesterol
33
Cyclosporin A is produced by ___________
fungus, Trichoderma polysporum
34
________ produced by _______ are used by blood-cholesterol lowering agents
Statins produced by yeast (FUNGUS) (Monascus purpureus)
35
How do statins act as blood-cholesterol lowering agents?
By inhibiting the enzyme responsible for synthesis of cholesterol (competitive inhibition in cholesterol synthesis pathway)
36
Treatment of waste water is done by _____________ microbes
heterotrophic
37
What are the 2 stages of sewage treatment?
1. Primary treatment - physical removal of particles
| 2. Secondary treatment - reducing the BOD in the effluent
38
What happens in primary treatment of sewage?
1. floating debris removed by sequential filtration
2. grit (soil and small pebbles) removed by sedimentation
solids that settle => primary sludge
supernatant => effluent
39
What happens in secondary treatment of sewage?
1. effluent passed into large aeration tanks -> agitated mechanically & air pumped into it
2. vigorous growth of flocs (bacteria + fungi) => consume organic matter => BOD decreases
3. effluent passed into settling tank => flocs sediment => activated sludge, some is used as inoculum and rest digested into biogas
4. effluent released into natural water
40
What is another name for secondary treatment of sewage?
Biological treatment
41
What are flocs?
useful aerobic microbes
masses of bacteria + fungal filaments
mesh-like structures
42
What is BOD?
Biochemical oxygen demand;
| amount of oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic matter in one liter of water were oxidised by bacteria
43
What does BOD test measure for?
rate of uptake of oxygen by micro-organisms;
| indirect measure of the organic matter present in water
44
The greater the BOD the lesser the pollution potential. T or F?
False, greater BOD => greater pollution potential
45
What is activated sludge?
bacterial 'flocs' that sediment
46
Activated sludge is pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the ________
inoculum
47
What happens in anaerobic sludge digesters?
Majority of the activated sludge is pumped into these digesters where bacteria that grow anaerobically digest the bacteria+fungi in the sludge;
produces methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide => biogas => inflammable
48
What are methanogens?
Bacteria - grow anaerobically on cellulosic material - produce methane + CO2 + H2
e.g. Methanobacterium
49
Where are methanogens commonly found?
```
in anaerobic sludge during sewage treatment;
in rumen (stomach) of cattle - help breakdown cellulose => also present in excreta (dung)
```
50
Describe biogas plant
concrete tank (10-15 feet deep) => bio-waste collected + slurry of dung => floating cover that rises as gas produced => outlet for gas => spent slurry removed, used as fertiliser
51
Biogas plants are more often built in _____ areas where biogas is used for ___ and _____
rural areas;
| cooking & lighting
52
Technology of biogas was developed in India mainly due to efforts of ____ and _____
IARI - Indian Agricultural Research Institute
| KVIC - Khadi and Village Industries Commission
53
What is biocontrol?
Biological method for controlling plant diseases / pests;
natural predation;
pests - manageable levels, not fully eradicated
54
Examples of biocontrol agents
Ladybird - aphids
Dragonflies - mosquitos
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) - butterfly caterpillars
fungus Trichoderma
Baculoviruses (genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus)
55
How does natural Bt work?
Sachets - dried spores - mixed with water and sprayed - eaten by caterpillar larvae - release toxin in gut of larvae - other insects unharmed
56
How does genetically engineered Bt work?
toxin genes from Bt introduced in plants e.g. Bt cotton
57
Organic farming uses __________ to enrich nutrient quality of the soil
Biofertilisers
58
Main sources of biofertilisers
Bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria
59
Free-living Bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen
Azospirillum (paddy fields) and Azotobacter
60
________ forms symbiotic association with roots of leguminous plants (soyabean) and fixes atmospheric nitrogen
Rhizobium
61
What are mycorrhiza?
Fungi - plant symbiotic associations;
absorbs phosphorus from soil
passes to plant
e.g. genus Glomus
62
What are the benefits of biofertiliser symbiotic associations to plants?
Resistance to root-borne pathogens
Tolerance to salinity
Tolerance to drought
Overall increase in plant growth
63
In paddy fields ____________ is an important fertiliser
cyanobacteria
64
Cyanobacteria are ________ microbes which can fix _________
autotrophic;
| atmospheric Nitrogen
65
Examples of cyanobacteria
Anabaena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Blue green algae
66
What do blue green algae do as biofertilisers?
Add organic matter to the soil and increase its fertility
67
Maximum concentration of alcohol in naturally fermented beverages is?
10-15%
68
Primary treatment of sewage involves removal of which of the following:
1. dissolved substances
2. stable substances
3. toxic substances
4. harmful bacteria
stable substances
69
_________ bacterium is a clot bluster
Streptococcus pyogenes
70
Baculoviruses are species ______ and _______ spectrum insecticides
species specific
| narrow spectrum
71
Modern detergents contain enzyme preparations of _______
alkaliphiles
72
Which of the following helps in absorption of phosphorus from soil by plants?
rhizobium - anabaena - frankia - glomus
Glomus
73
Secondary sewage treatment is mainly a _______ process
| mechanical - chemical - biological - physical?
biological
74
_____________ is the most common substrate used in distilleries for the production of ethanol
Molasses
75
Which of the following is not used in organic farming?
| Glomus - earthworm - oscillatoria - snail
Snail
76
Which of the following plant species would you choose for the production of ethanol?
Brassica - Zea mays - Pongamia - Jatropha
Zea mays
77
A compound which is produced by an organism that inhibits the growth of another organism is __________
antibiotic
78
Antibiotics have no effect on viruses because _______
viruses show no metabolism of their own
79
Single cell protein is rich in high quality protein but poor in fat. True or False?
True
80
Trichoderma are free living fungi that are effective biocontrol agents of several pathogens. True or False?
True
81
Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and other anthropods. True or False?
True
82
What is the first used biopesticide?
Baccilus thuringiensis
83
Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between fungi e.g. Glomus and vascular plant. True or False?
True
84
The varieties of cheese are known by their ________
characteristic taste, texture and flavor
| specificity coming from microbes used
85
Which of the following is NOT an example of industrial products fertilized by microbes?
beverages - antibiotics - curd - beer
Curd
86
For fermentation of which of the following, are microbes not used?
fish - soyabean - bamboo leaves - cheese
bamboo leaves
87
Major component of municipal waste is __________
human sewage
88
The treatment of waste water is done by heterotrophic microbes (already present / adding during treatment / added after treatment) ?
Already present
89
Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna action plan were initiated by ___________
Ministry of Environment and Forest
90
IPM stands for
integrated pest management
91
_________ is a nitrogen-fixing microbe associated with Azolla in rice fields
Anabaena
92
A genetically engineered micro-organism used in bioremediation of oil spills is a species of:
Pseudomonas
93
```
Which of the following is wrongly matched?
Methanogens - gobar gas
Yeast - ethanol
Streptomycetes - antibiotic
Coliforms - vinegar
```
Coliforms - vinegar
94
Curing of tea leaves is brought by activity of:
bacteria
95
Which of the following can be used in treatment of plant disease?
lactobacillus - trichoderma - chlorella - anabaena
trichoderma
