XII: Chapter 3- Human reproduction Flashcards
(348 cards)
1
Q
How many testicular lobules are present in each testis?
A
250
2
Q
How many seminiferous tubules are present in each testicular lobule?
A
1 to 3
3
Q
What lines the inside of the seminiferous tubules in humans?
A
Male germ cells and sertoli cells
4
Q
Male germ cells in humans are called
A
Spermatogonia
5
Q
Name the ducts of reproductive system of human males in order from seminiferous tubules to ejaculatory duct.
A
Seminiferous tubules -> Rete testis -> vasa efferentia -> epididymis -> vas diferens -> ejaculatory duct
6
Q
Secretions of which glands help in lubrication of penis?
A
Bulbourethral gland
7
Q
What is the length of a human ovary?
A
2 to 4 cm
8
Q
Each ovary is covered by a thin epithelium. True/false?
A
True
9
Q
Name the female accessory ducts.
A
Oviducts, uterus and vagina
10
Q
The uterus is pear shaped. True/false?
A
False. The uterus is inverted pear shaped.
11
Q
How is the uterus (in human females) attached to the pelvic wall?
A
Through ligaments
12
Q
Name the layers of uterine wall.
A
Outer perimetrium
Middle myometrium
Inner endometrium
13
Q
The cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair in the reproductive system of human females is called
A
Mons pubis
14
Q
What are the fleshy folds which extend down from mons pubis and surround the vagina called?
A
Labia majora
15
Q
How many mammary lobes are present in each mammary gland?
A
15-20
16
Q
The alveoli of mammary glands open into
A
Mammary tubules
17
Q
Mammary duct in mammary gland is formed by
A
All the mammary tubules of each lobe
18
Q
What do the mammary ducts of mammary gland join and form?
A
Mammary ampulla
19
Q
Secondary spermatocytes in males undergo equational division to form
A
Spermatids
20
Q
What is the process of transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa called?
A
Spermiogenesis
21
Q
What is spermiation?
A
It is the process of release of spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubule.
22
Q
Luteinising hormone in males acts on which cells? What are these cells stimulated to do?
A
LH acts on Leydig cells and stimulates synthesis and secretion of androgens.
23
Q
Which process do the androgens in male regulate?
A
Spermatogenesis
24
Q
FSH in males acts on which cells? What are these cells stimulated to do?
A
FSH acts on sertoli cells and stimulates the secretion of factors which help in spermiogenesis
25
How many sperms are produced by human males during coitus?
200 to 300 million sperms
26
For normal fertility, what percentage of total sperms released by males during coitus must have normal shape and size?
60%
27
For normal fertility, what percentage of total sperms released by males during coitus must show vigorous motility?
40%
28
Secretions of which ducts are important for maturation and motility of sperms in humans?
Epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostrate
29
How many oogonia are formed in each fetal ovary?
Couple of million
30
At which stage are the primary oocyte (in human females) arrested?
Diplotene stage of Prophase I
31
How many primary follicles are left in each ovary at birth?
60,000- 80,000
32
Which oocyte does a secondary follicle have?
Primary oocyte
33
Antrum is present in which follicle in a human female?
Tertiary follicle
34
Inside which follicle does the primary oocyte in females complete its first meiotic division?
tertiary follicle
35
How many blastomeres does the morula have?
8 to 16
36
WHat forms chorionic villi?
Trophoblast layer of blastocyst
37
The levels of cortisol and thyroxine are high during preganancy. True/false?
True
38
Foetus develops forelimbs by which month of pregnancy?
Second month
39
By which month of pregnancy do the eyelids separate?
6th month
40
By which month of pregnancy is the body covered with fine hair?
6th month
41
What is nidation?
Implantation (of blastocyst)
42
In which month of pregnancy do the testis of foetus descend into scrotum?
7th month
43
Where are testis formed in humans?
Abdominal cavity
44
How do the testis descend from abdominal cavity into scrotum?
Through inguinal canal
45
What connects the lower end of testis to scrotal wall?
Gubernaculum
46
Are both testis in males present on the same level?
No, left testis is lower than right testis.
47
What carries blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and vas deferens inside inguinal canal?
Spermatic cord
48
Name the muscle present in scrotum?
Dartos and cremaster muscle
49
How do the dartos and cremaster muscles maintain the temperature of scrotum in winter?
Dartos- contracts and causes wrinkling of scrotal skin
| Cremaster- Contracts and pulls scrotum towards abdomen
50
Where is testis located in elephants?
Inside abdominal cavity
51
Where is testis located in whales?
Inside abdominal cavity
52
What is the outermost double layer peritonium called in testis?
Tunica vaginalis
53
What is the white fibrous connective tissue surrounding the testis called?
Tunica albuginea
54
Testicular septa are formed by
Invaginations of tunica albuginea
55
What is the innermost, highly vascular layer that surrounds the testicular lobules in testis called?
Testicular vasculosa
56
What is the straight part of seminiferous tubules called?
Tubuli recti
57
The structure formed by the fusion of tubuli recti is called
Rete testis
58
How many vasa efferentia are present in a testis?
12-15
59
Where do sperms mature?
Cauda epididymis
60
Intra-testicular duct system in humans includes?
Tubuli recti
Rete testis
Vasa efferentia
61
What is the failure of descent of testis into scrotum called?
Cryptorchidism
62
Monorchidism is observed in which animal?
Ascaris
63
Which is the most coiled part of epididymis?
Caput epididymis
64
How long does the epididymis store sperms?
from one to two weeks upto one months
65
What is the function of stereocilia in epididymis?
Absorption of fluid in caput
66
What does the epididymis in humans develop from?
Mesonephric/wolffian duct
67
What does the seminal vesicle in humans develop from?
Mesonephric/wolffian duct
68
Fibrinogen is present in which male reproductive gland's secretions?
Seminal vesicles
69
Can semen clot?
Yes
70
Are citrate ions present in semen?
Yes
71
Where are cowper's glands located?
In the membranous urethra
72
Where do the cowper's glands open?
In the penile urethra
73
Pre-ejaculatory fluid in males is formed by
Cowper's glands
74
Which glands are present on the prepuce of the penis?
Tyson's glands
75
What is the function of tyson's glands?
Lubricated glans penis with their secretions
76
What is the secretion of tyson's gland called?
Smegma
77
What signals the erection of penis?
Nitric oxide
78
Which somatic nervous system controls the erection of penis?
Parasympathetic nervous system
79
Which somatic nervous system controls ejaculation?
Sympathetic nervous system
80
What percent of secretions in semen are of prostate gland?
20-30%
81
What is the quantity of semen ejected per intercourse?
2-3 ml
82
Male germ cells in testis are formed from
Mesoderm of yolk sac
83
WHen do the male germ cells migrate into gonads in humans?
5th week of pregnancy
84
When do the gonads differentiate into testis and ovary in foetus?
8th week of pregnancy
85
Sustentacular cells in testis are also called
Sertoli cells
86
What type of epithelium is germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules?
Columnar epithelium
87
Which cells phagocitise dead sperms?
Sertoli cells
88
What protects the sperms from body's immune system?
Sertoli cell barrier (blood testis barrier)
89
Which hormones are secreted by sertoli cells?
Androgen binding protein
Inhibin
Mullerian inhibitory/ anti mullerian hormone
90
Which hormone concentrates testosterone in seminiferous tubules?
Androgen binding protein
91
What is the function of inhibin secreted by sertoli cells?
Inhibits FSH
92
What is the function of mullerian inhibitory hormone?
It inhibits mullerian duct in embryonic life
93
When does the luminal part of seminiferous tubule form?
At puberty
94
What are the phases of spermatogenesis?
Multiplication phase
Growth phase
Maturation phase
Spermiogenesis
95
What happens in the multiplication phase of spermatogenesis?
Mitosis of spermatogonia
96
What happens in the maturation phase of spermatogenesis?
Meiosis of primary spermatocytes leading to the formation of spermatids
97
How many days does it take on average to form mature sperms?
74 days
98
Are sperms of all animals flagellated?
Yes (exception- Ascaris)
99
Which is the smallest part of a sperm?
Neck
100
Which part of sperm contains sperm lysins?
Acrosome
101
What type of sperm lysin is present in sperms?
Hyaluronidase
102
What is the difference between the proteins found in normal human cell when compared to sperm?
Sperm has no histone proteins but other cells do.
103
How many centrioles are present in a sperm?
2
104
What is the function of proximal centriole in sperms?
Role in first cleavage
105
What is the function of distal centriole in sperms?
Forms basal body for axoneme
106
How many mitochondria are present in sperms?
20-25
107
How are mitochondria arranged in a sperm?
They are spirally arranged around axoneme
108
What is the arrangement of microtubules found in flagella of sperms?
9+2
109
WHat is the sheath of middle piece of sperm called?
Manchette
110
What is andropause?
Reduced secretion of testosterone in aging males (50+)
111
What is aspermia?
Semen is not produced
112
What is azospermia?
Semen does not contain sperms
113
What is oligospermia?
Sperm count below 15-20 million sperm per milliliter (mL)
114
What is inguinal hermia?
Passage of dislocated intestine though inguinal canal
115
Name the female reproductive glands?
Mammary glands, bartholian gland, skene gland
116
What attaches ovary to uterus?
Ovarian ligament
117
What attaches ovary to body wall?
Mesovarium
118
What kind of tissue is the stroma of ovary?
Fibrous connective tissue
119
IN which portion of stroma of ovary are the different follicles present?
Cortex
120
What are salpinges?
Fallopian tube
121
Which is the widest and longest part of fallopian tube?
Ampulla
122
Which is the smallest part of fallopian tube?
Interstitium/intramural part
123
What is the length of fallopian tube?
10-12 cm
124
What is the fallopian tube called in non mammalian vertebrates?
Oviduct
125
What are the non ciliated cells present in fallopian tube called?
Peg cells
126
What is the function of peg cells of fallopian tube?
Secrete tubular fluid to nourish sperms/eggs/zygote
127
Is the uterus situated in front of the rectum or behind?
Behind
128
Is the uterus situated in front of the urinary bladder or behind?
Front
129
How is the uterus positioned in humans?
Anteverted
130
Do humans have simplex uterus?
Yes
131
How many sphincters are present in the cervix?
Internal os, external os
132
Which is the strongest and most powerful sphinctre of the body?
External os of cervix of females
133
Which muscles are present in the myometrium of uterus?
Circular, longitudinal and oblique
134
What tissues is the endometrium made of?
Columnar epithelium
135
What are the two layers of endometrium of uterus?
Stratum basalis
| Stratum functionalis
136
What type of blood vessels are present in stratum basalis of endometrium of uterus?
Straight blood vessels
137
What type of blood vessels are present in stratum functionalis of endometrium of uterus?
Tortuous blood vessels
138
How does progesterone change tubular glands of endometrium of uterus?
Makes the corckscrew shaped
139
What secretes uterine milk in humans?
Corkscrew shaped tubular glands present in stratum functionalis of endometrium of uterus
140
What nourishes the young embryo prior to implantation in humans?
Uterine milk
141
Which layer of endometrium sheds during menstruation?
Stratum functionalis
142
Name the layers of decidua.
Decidua peritalis
Decidua placentalis/basalis
Decidua capsularis
143
Which layer of decidua has no connection with embryo?
Decidua parietalis
144
Which layer of decidua contributes to placenta formation?
Decidua placentalis
145
Which layer of decidua surround embryo from all sides till 26 weeks of pregnancy?
Decidua capsularis
146
Name the glands present in vagina.
None
147
Which bacteria form the natural mincroflora of vagina?
Lactobacillus
148
What are the transverse mucosal fold of vagina called?
Vaginal rugae
149
How many openings does the vestibule of vagina have?
Urethral and vaginal opening
150
What forms the prepuce in human females
Anterior tip of labia minora, cover the clitoris
151
Where is the clitoris present in females?
At the anterior tip of labia minora
152
What is fourchette?
Fold of skin formed at posterior junction of labia minora
153
Where are bartholin glands located in females?
One on each side of vaginal orifice
154
What are the functions of secretions of bartholin glands?
Lubricate vagina, reduce acidity
155
Which glands are located around urethral opening in females?
Glands of skene
156
Labia majora in females is homologous to which organ of males?
Scrotum
157
Labia minora in females is homologous to which organ of males?
Penile urethra
158
Clitoris in females is homologous to which organ of males?
Penis
159
Bartholin gland in females is homologous to which organ of males?
Cowper's glands
160
Glands of skeme in females is homologous to which organ of males?
Prostrate gland
161
Mammary glands are modified
sweat glands
162
Which ligaments suspends mammary glands?
Cooper's ligaments
163
What is the function of areolar glands on breasts?
Keep the nipple moist
164
Areolar glands around areola on mammary glands are modified
Sebaceous glands
165
Which hormone leads to the development of breasts in human females?
Estrogen
166
Which hormone stimulates the proliferation of milk alveoli in breasts?
Progesterone
167
Which hormone is known as the milk let down hormone?
Oxytocin
168
Which hormone leads to the production of milk during pregnancy?
Human placental lactogen
169
In which month of pregnancy does oogenesis start?
2nd month
170
What is the primary oocyte surrounded by in primordial follicle in ovary?
One layer of squamous stromal cells
171
What is the primary oocyte surrounded by in primary follicle in ovary?
One layer of cuboidal stromal cells
172
WHat is the primary oocyte surrounded by in secondary follicle in ovary?
Multiple layers of granulosa cell which get surrounded by theca
173
How many eggs develop into secondary follicles in humans?
450
174
What is the zona pellucida in tertiary follicle made of ?
Glycoproteins
175
What secretes the zona pellucida in tertiary follicle?
Secondary oocyte
176
WHat is the fluid inside antrum in tertiary follicle called
Liquor follicula
177
What is the theca externa of secondary oocyte made of?
Fibrous layer
178
Which layer of theca of secondary oocyte has LH receptors?
Theca interna
179
What is the function of aromatase enzyme on theca interna?
Causes conversion of androgen to estrogen
180
What divides the granulosa cells of graafian follicle in two clusters of cells? What are these clusters called?
Antrum
1) cumulus oophorus- surrounds the secondary oocyte
2) Membrane granulosa
181
What is germ hill in graafian follicle?
Granulosa cells which connect secondary oocyte with wall of follicle
182
What is corona radiata of graafian follicle?
Innermost layer of cumulus oophorous surrounding the zona pellucida
183
What are released from graafian follicle during ovulation?
Secondary oocyte, zona pellucida and corona radiata
184
What is the structure left after rupture of graafian follicle and ovulation called?
Corpora haemorrhagicum
185
What is the difference between corpus albicans and corpus luteum?
Corpus luteum- yellow and glandular
| Corpus albicans- white and non glandular
186
In which stage does the secondary oocyte get arrested?
Metaphase II
187
What are the different phases of oogensis and what do the entail?
Multiplication phase- formation of primary oocyte from oogonia
Growth phase- primary oocyte arrested
Maturation phase- meiosis I and II of primary oocyte
188
How long does the multiplication phase of oogenesis last?
5 months
189
How many primary oocytes turn into secondary oocytes every month?
1
190
Which cells release androgens in females?
Theca interna cells of secondary oocyte
191
Which hormones are responsible for the uterine changes in menstruation cycle
Estrogen and progesterone
192
Which hormones are responsible for the ovarian chagnes in menstrual cycle?
FSH and LH
193
Can menstrual blood clot?
No.
194
On which day of menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
day 14th
195
On which day of menstrual cycle does the corpus luteum begin to degenerate?
25th day
196
Around which day of menstrual cycle does estrogen peak occur?
Day 12 to 14
197
Around which day of menstrual cycle does progesterone peak occur?
Day 21
198
What are the phases of estrous cycle?
Pro extrous phase
Estrous phase
Metaextrous phase
Diestrous phase
199
In which phase does ovulation occur in estrous cycle?
Estrous phase
200
In which phase of estrous cycle is corpus luteum formed?
Meta-estrous phase
201
In which phase of estrous cycle is progesterone secreted?
Diestrous phase
202
What is the quiescent stage between two estrous cycles called?
Anestrum
203
Does bleeding occur in estrous phase?
No
204
What is the seasonal testicular acitivity in males of some species called?
Rut cycle
205
What constitutes the egg in animals?
Oocyte+ egg membrane
206
How many types of egg membrane can an egg (of animals) have?
Primary egg membrane
Secondary egg membrane
Tertiary egg membrane
207
What secreted the primary egg membrane around the egg in animals?
Oocyte/ovum
208
What is the primary egg membrane in humans?
Zona pellucida
209
What is the primary egg membrane of frogs?
Vitelline membrane
210
What secretes the secondary egg membrane of animal eggs?
Ovary
211
What is the secondary egg membrane of human eggs called?
Corona radiata
212
What is the tertiary egg membrane of animal eggs secreted by?
Oviduct/uterus
213
What is the tertiary egg membrane of frog's egg called?
Jelly coat
214
Which type of egg is a human egg on the bases of amount of yolk?
Alecithal
215
What type eggs do marsupials have on the basis of amount of yolk?
Microlecithal
216
What type of eggs do amphibians have on the basis of amount of yolk?
Mesolecithal
217
What type of eggs do reptiles and birds have on the basis of amount of yolk?
Megalecithal
218
What are isolecithal eggs?
The very little amount of yolk present is uniformly distributed throughout the ooplasm
219
In what type of eggs is isolecithal condition observed?
Alecithal and microlecithal eggs
220
What type of eggs do insects have on the basis of amount of yolk?
Megalecithal
221
What type eggs have heterolecithal distribution of yolk?
Mesolecithal and megalecithal eggs
222
What type of eggs are found in amphibians on the basis of distribution of yolk?
Telolecithal
223
What type of eggs are found in reptiles and birds on the basis of distribution of yolk?
Discoidal
224
What type of eggs are found in prototherians on the basis of amount of yolk?
Megalecithal
225
What type of eggs are found in prototherians on the basis of distribution of yolk in eggs?
Discoidal
226
What type of eggs are found in insects on the basis of distribution of yolk in eggs?
Centrolecithal
227
What are eggs which have shells called?
Cleidoic eggs
228
Which is the largest cell of human body?
Egg
229
What is germinal vesicle?
The enlarged nucleus of egg of humans
230
What do the cortical granules of human egg contain?
Hydrolytic enzymes and mucopolysaccharides
231
Which is the animal pole of human egg?
Part of egg from where polar body extrudes out
232
Perivitelline space in egg is present between
Zona pellucida and oocyte
233
What is the ground substance of corona radiata?
Hyaluronic acid
234
How long does the human sperm's viability last?
24 to 48 hours
235
How long does the human egg's viability last?
48 to 72 hours
236
How long does capacitation of sperm take?
6 to 7 hours
237
How does the destabilization of plasma membrane of sperm take place?
By rearrangement of glycoproteins and dissolution of cholesterol
238
What is the speed of a hypermotile sperm?
4 to 5 mm/min
239
What type of movement does the flagella of a hypermotile sperm perform?
Whiplash movement
240
Which chemical propels sperm towards uterine cavity?
Prostaglandins
241
Which is the acidic protein present on sperm's membrane- anti fertilin or fertilin?
Antifertilin
242
Which is the glycoprotein on egg's surface- antifertilin or fertilin?
Fertilin
243
When does acrosome reaction occur?
When sperm binds to ZP3 receptor on zona pellucida
244
What causes the exocytosis of sperm lysins from acrosome in acrosomal reaction?
Calcium
245
Which enzymes dissolves hyaluronic acid?
Hyaluronidase enzyme
246
Which enzyme digests corona radiata of egg?
Corona pentrating enzyme
247
Which enzyme digests zona pellucida of egg?
Acrosin/ zonalysin
248
How does fast block to polyspermy occur in egg?
By opening of Na+ channels leading to rapid depolarisation of oolema
249
What causes the exocytosis of cortical granules from eggs into perivitelline space?
Calcium ions
250
How thick is the fertilization membrane?
900 Å
251
What leads to slow block to polyspermy in human egg?
Cortical and zona reaction
252
Zona reaction happens in human egg due to?
Absorption of water
253
Which part of sperm enters the the zona pellucida of egg during fertilization?
Whole sperm enters but middle piece and tail degenrates
254
How does sperm make it possible for meiosis II of secondary oocyte to be completed?
Sperm destroys metaphase promoting factor (MPF) of egg and turns on anaphase promoting factor (APF)
255
What happens in amphimixis step of syngamy of sperm and egg?
Chromosomal membrane dissolves and chromosome of sperm and egg mix
256
What is embryology?
Study of first eight weeks of pregnancy after fertilisation
257
How long does the first cleavage in zygote in humans take?
30 hours
258
How long does the second cleavage in zygote in humans take after fertilization?
40 hours
259
What are the phases of interphase in cleavage of zygote in humans?
Only S-phase, G1 and G2 phase are absent
260
What is nucleocytoplasmic ratio?
It is a ratio of the size of the nucleus of a cell to the size of the cytoplasm of that cell. (N:C)
261
When does the third cleavage take place in human zygote after fertilisation?
72 hours
262
What type of cleavage is the first cleavage in human zygote?
Meridional
263
What type of cleavage is the second cleavage in human zygote?
Meridional at right angle to the first cleavage
264
What type of cleavage is the third cleavage in human zygote?
Equatorial
265
What kind of cleavage do humans show?
Holoblastic rotational and indeterminate cleavage
266
What is indeterminate cleavage?
Fate of blastomeres is decided after 8-celled stage (morula)
267
On which axis does the meridional cleavage take place?
On the longitudinal axis from animal pole to vegetal pole
268
Holoblastic cleavage takes place in which type of eggs (on the basis of amount of yolk)?
Alecithal, microlecithal, mesolecithal
269
Meroblastic cleavage takes place in which type of eggs (on the basis of amount of yolk)?
Megalecithal
270
Discoidal meroblastic cleavage is found in which animals?
Birds, reptiles
271
Superficial meroblastic cleavage is found in which animals?
Insects
272
What is bilateral cleavage of zygote?
Only meridional cleavage takes place
273
What type ofcleavage occurs in cephalopods?
Bilateral cleavage
274
WHat type of cleavage occurs in protostomes?
Spiral cleavage
275
What type of cleavage occurs in deuterostomes?
Radial cleavage
276
What makes rotational cleavage different from other types of cleavage?
It has a transient 3-celled stage
277
Where is the morula present?
Fallopian tube
278
What is the difference between the zona pellucida of morula and blastocyst?
Morula-Zona pellucida intact
| Blastocyst- zona pellucida ruptures during maturation
279
At which cell stage does uterine milk seep into blastocyst?
32 cell stage
280
How does the blastocoel form in blastocyst?
By seeping in of uterine milk
281
At which cell stage does the blastocyst hatch?
64 to 128
282
Why does the zona pellucida rupture in blastocyst?
Due to trophoblastic enzymes
283
How many days from fertilization does it take for implantation of blastocyst?
7 days
284
Which layer of embryo prevents immature implantation of embryo? What can its immature rupturing cause
Zona pellucida
| Ectopic pregnancy
285
Name the layers the trophoblast of blastocyst is divided into.
Cytotrophoblast
| Syncitiotrophoblast
286
WHat is cytotrophobast of blastocyst?
Inner cellular layer of trophoblast
287
What is syncytiotrophoblast of blastocyst?
Outer multinucleated layer
288
What do the chorionic villi of blastocyst connect with to form placenta?
Decidual crypts
289
Which layer of blastocyst secretes human chorionic gonadotrophin?
Trophoblast
290
What is the role of hCG in pregnancy?
Acts like LH and maintains corpus luteum for first trimester of pregnancy
291
Which hormone is known as pregnancy hormone
Progesterone
292
What is coeloblastula?
Hollow blastula
293
What is stereoblastula?
Solid blastula
294
What does the hypoblast layer of blastocyst form?
Embryonic endoderm
295
Which layers of blastula form the chorion?
Cytotrophoblast + extra embryonic mesoderm
296
What form amnion in blastula?
Extraembryonic mesoderm +epiblast/ectoderm
297
What prevents human embryo from desiccation?
Amnion
298
What form yolk sac in human embryo?
Extra-embryonic mesoderm + endoderm/hypoblast
299
What is the function of yolk sac in humans?
Haemopoietic
| Forms male and female germ cells
300
What form alantois?
Extra-embryonic mesoderm + endoderm (hypoblast)
301
What is known as urinary bladder of embryo of birds and reptiles?
Allantois
302
What is the function of allantois in human embryo?
Forms umbilical cord blood vessels and wharton's jelly
303
Where does the primitive streak appear in blastula?
On dorsal surface of epiblast
304
What is the function of primitive streak in blastula?
Decides embryonal axis and bilateral symmetry
305
Which layers is the source of all germ layers in blastula?
Epiblast
306
Which layer of blastula has prospective mesodermal and endodermal cells?
Epiblast
307
Which cells get incorporated with hypoblast to form endoderm?
Prospective endodermal cells of epiblast
308
What does the primitive node turn into in embryo?
Hensen's node
309
What does the hensen's node of embryo have?
Prospective mesodermal cells
310
What do the prospective mesodermal cells of embryo form?
Notochord
311
Which is the first organ formed in an embryo?
Heart
312
Which is the first organ system formed in emryo?
Nervous system
313
What is the ectodermal region which forms nervous system called?
Neural plate
314
What forms the central nervous system in embryo?
Neural tube
315
What forms the peripheral nervous system in embryo?
Neural crest
316
What are the six possible maternal and fetal barriers of placenta?
Maternal endothelium, connective tissue, ectoderm
| Fetal endothelium, connective tissue, ectoderm
317
What is epitheliochorial placenta?
Placenta in which all 6 maternal and fetal barriers are present
318
What is syndesmochorial placenta?
Placenta in which 5 barriers are present, maternal epithelium is broken
319
What in endothelialchorial placenta?
Placenta in which 4 barriers are present, maternal epithelium and maternal connective tissue are lost
320
WHat is hemochorial placenta?
Placenta in which only fetal barriers are present, maternal blood bathes fetal chorion
321
What is hemoendothelial placenta?
Placenta in which only one barrier- fetal endothelium is present
322
Which type of placenta on the basis of number of placental barriers is found in humans?
Hemochorial placenta
323
Which type of placenta on the basis of number of placental barriers is found in horse?
Epitheliochorial placenta
324
Does allantois form placenta in humans?
No, human placenta has chorion only
325
What is non deciduate placenta?
Only fetal part of placenta is delivered
326
What is deciduate placenta?
Both fetal and maternal part of placenta are delivered
327
What is central decidual placenta?
Both fetal and maternal part of placenta are not delivered
328
What is diffused placenta?
Chorionic villi are uniform in distribution
329
What is cotyledonary placenta?
Chorionic villi form clusters
330
What is intermediate placenta?
Both diffused and cotyledonary type
331
What is meta discoidal placenta?
Chorionic villi were diffused initially, later form clusters
332
What is discoidal placenta?
Chorionic villi arranged in disc shape
333
What is embryo called after 8 weeks?
Foetus
334
In which month does the foetus have the maximum growth rate?
4th month
335
What effect does smoking have on foetus of pregnant mother?
Cleft lip and cleft plate
336
What gives the first stimulus for parturition? What is the stimulus?
Fetus
| Prostaglandin F
337
What gives the second stimulus for parturition? What is the stimulus?
Placenta
| human Chorionic corticotrophin (hCATCH)
338
What are the three stages of parturition?
Dilation stage
Expulsion (of fetus) stage
Shedding of the placenta
339
What part of fetus comes out first during parturition?
Head
340
What causes the shift of placental ventilation to pulmonary ventilation in infant?
Nitric oxide
341
How does placenta provide immunity to fetus?
Via IgG antibodies
342
What is the function of human chorionic thyrotrophin?
Stimulates maternal thyroid gland to increase thyroid hormone release
343
What is human chorionic somatomammotropin also known as?
Human placental lactogen
344
When is the peak of relaxin hormone from time of fertilization?
14th week and time of delivery
345
Which vessels are present in the umbilical cord?
2 arteries and 1 vein
346
Which blood does the umbilical artery carry?
Deoxygenated blood
347
Which blood does the umbilical vein carry?
Oxygenated blood
348
Is the blood in umbilical vessels fetal or maternal?
Fetal
