XIV - The Kidneys and Its Collecting System Flashcards by Heirich Fevrier Manalili

pathology

A glomerular syndrome dominated by the acute onset of usually grossly visible hematuria, mildly moderate proteinuria, azotemia, edema and hypertension.

Acute nephritic syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 542

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pathology

A glomerular syndrome characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbunemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria.

Nephrotic syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 542

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pathology

Characterized by bacteriuria and pyuria, which may be asymptomatic.

Urinary tract infection(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 542

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pathology

Most common type of collagen found in glomerular basement membrane.

Type IV(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 543

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pathology

Most frequent cause nephrotic syndrome in children. Under light microscope, the glomerular basement membrane appears normal, but on electrin microscopy, GBM shows uniform and diffuse effacement of foot processes of the podocytes. Good response to corticosteroid therapy.

Minimal change disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 550

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pathology

A lesion characterized histologically by sclerosis affecting some but not all glomeruli and involving only segments of each affected glomerulus.

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 550

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pathology

Slowly progressive disease characterized by the presence of subepithelial immunoglobulin-containing deposits along the glomerular basement membrane. Histologically, there is diffuse thickening of the BM. (+) spike and dome pattern on electron microscopy. Often resistant to steroid therapy.

Membranous glomerulonephritis (Membranous Nephropathy)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 551

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pathology

Characterized by discrete SUBENDOTHELIAL electron-dense deposits in irregular granular pattern.

Type I MPGN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 553

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pathology

GBM is thickened, showing a “tram-track” appearance on PAS stains. There is proliferation of mesangial and endothelial cells as well as infiltrating leukocytes.

MPGN(Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 553

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pathology

MPGN wherein the lamina densa and the SUBENDOTHELIAL space of the GBM are transformed into an irregular, ribbon-like extremely electron dense structure.

Type II MPGN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 554

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pathology

Caused by glomerular deposition of immune complexes resulting in diffuse proliferation and swelling of resident glomerular cells. There is uniformly increased cellularity of glomerular tufts. Electron microscopy show subepithelial “humps” against the GBM, with granular deposits of IgG and complement.

Acute postinfectious (poststreptococcal) Glomerulonephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 555

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pathology

Most common cause of recurrent microscopic or gross hematuria and is the most common glomerular disease revealed by renal biopsies.

IgA Nephropathy (Berger disease)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 555

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pathology

Pathologic hallmark of this disease is the deposition of IgA in the mesangium.

IgA nephropathy (Berger Disease)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 556

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pathology

Nephritis accompanied by nerve deafness, lens dislocation, posterior cataracts and corneal dystrophy.

Alport syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 556

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pathology

Caused by mutations in genes encoding GBM collagen, manifest as hematuria and slowly progressing proteinuria and declining renal function. GBM has “basket-weave” appearance due to splitting and lamination of the lamina densa.

Hereditay nephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 557

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pathology

A clinical syndrome characterized by rapid and progressive lossof renal function with features of nephritic syndrome,often with severe oliguria. Histologic feature is the presence of crescents.

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (Crescentic GN)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 557

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pathology

CrGN characterized by linear deposits of IgG and C3 on the GBM. anti-GBM Ab also bind to pulmonary alveolar capillary basement membranes to produce pulmonary hemorrhages associated with renal failure.

Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrance Antibody (Type I) CrGN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 557

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pathology

CrGN which are immune complex-mediated disorders, as a complication of any of the IC nephritides including PSGN, IgA Nephropathy and HSP. There is segmental necrosis and characteristic granular pattern of the underlying immune complex disease.

Immune Complex-Mediated (Type II) CrGN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 558

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pathology

CrGN defined by the lack of anti-GBM Ab and immune complex deposition. Glomeruli show segmental necrosis, negative immunofluorescence.

Pauci-immune (Type III) CrGN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 558

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pathology

An important cause of end-stage renal disease presenting as chronic renal failure. Kidneys are symmetrically contracted, surfaces are red-brown and diffusely granular. Glomeruli are obliterated with marked interstitial fibrosis.

Chronic glomerulonephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 559

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pathology

A common suppurative inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by bacterial infection, either by hematogenous spread or through ascending infection.

Pyelonephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 560

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pathology

Hallmark of this disease is scarring involving the pelvis or calyces, or both, leading to papillary blunting and marked calyceal deformities.

Chronic pyelonephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 562

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pathology

Nephritis with prominent eosinophilic and mononuclear inflitrate, with pronounced edema.

Acute Drug-Induced Interstitial Nephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 563

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pathology

A clinicopatholigic entity characterized by damaged tubular epithelial cells and clinically by acute suppression of renal function.Most common cause of acute renal failure.

Acute tubular necrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 564

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# pathology Characterized by necrosis of short segments of the tubules, seen in the straight portions of the PCT and TALOH. There is a variety of tubular injuries, associated with proteinaceous casts in the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

Ischemic ATN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566

# pathology ATN characterized by necrosis and injury of the PCT with sparing of the tubular membranes.

Toxic ATN(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566

# pathology Phase of ATN lasting about 36 hrs, dominated by the inciting medical, surgical or obstetric event. Slight decline in renal output and a rise in serum creatinine.

Initiation phase(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566

# pathology Phase of ATN where urine output falls markedly, between 50-400mL/day. Dominated by signs and symptoms of uremia and fluid overload.

Maintenance phase(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566

# pathology Phase of ATN characterized by a steady increase in urine volume, electrolyte imbalance and increased vulnerability to infection.

Recovery(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566

# pathology Chronic interstitial nephritis associated with renal papillary necrosis. The necrotic papillae appear yellowish-brown, showing coagulative necrosis associated with loss of cellular detail with preservation of tubular outlines.

Analgesic nephropathy(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 564

# pathology T-cell mediated immune reaction of the kidneys to an offending agent, characterized by interstitial inflammation, with abundant eosinophils and edema.

Drug-induced interstitial nephritis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 564

# pathology Renal changes in benign hypertension, associated with hyaline arteriolosclerosis, appearing as homogenous, pink hyaline thickening of arterial walls. Larger blood vessels show fibroelastc hyperplasia.

Benign nephrosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 566

# pathology Acute renal injury assiciated with malignant hypertension. The kidneys show small, pinpoint petechial hemorrhages, "flea-bitten" appearance. Concentric arrangement of cells, described as "onion-skin" lesions cause marked narrowing of arterioles and small arteries.

Malignant nephrosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 567

# pathology Characterized by widespread thrombosis and presence of fibrin thrombi in glomeruli and small vessels resulting in acute renal failure. Consequence of childhood HUS and TTP.

Thrombotic microangiopathies(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 568

# pathology One of the main causes of acute renal failure in children.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 568

# pathology Innocuous lesions of the kidney, 1-5cm in diameter, translucent, lined by a gray, glistening, smooth membrane, filled with clear fluid. Composed of a single layer of cuboidal or flattened cuboidal epithelium, usually confined to the cortex.

Simple renal cyst(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 569

# pathology Autosomal dominant. Kidneys are enlarged, composed solely of cysts without intervening parenchyma. Cysts are filled with clear or turbid fluid. Cysts may arise at any level of the nephron, with variable, often atrophic lining.

Adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 569

# pathology What is the pathology behind APKD?

Defective gene PKD1,which codes for polycystin-1.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 569

# pathology Function of policystin-1?

Protein that is involved in cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesion.(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 569

# pathology Autosomal recessive. There are numerous small cysts in the cortex and medulla, giving the kidney a "sponge-like" appearance. Cysts have uniform cuboidal epithelium. Associated with multiple cysts in the liver.

Childhood Polycystic Kidney Disease (CPKD)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 570

# pathology An under-recognized vause of chronic kidney disease in children and young adults, associated with mutations in several genes that encode neohrocystins that may be involved in ciliary function. Kidneys are contracted and contain multiple cysts.

Medullary cystic disease(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 571

# pathology Calculus formation at any level of the urinary collecting system.

Urolithiasis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 571

# pathology Most common composition of kidney stones. Precipitates in the presence of alkaline urine.

Calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 571

# pathology Most important cause of kidney stone formation.

Supersaturation(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

# pathology Kidney stones occuring in patients with alkaline urine due to UTI, particularly Proteus vulgaris and Staphylococci.

Struvite stones(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

# pathology Component of struvite stones.

Magnesium ammonium phosphate(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

# pathology Kidney stones seen in patients with gout and leukemias. Urine pH is decreased.

Uric acid stones(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

# pathology Kidney stones associated with a defect in the renal transportation of certain amino acids. Forms in acidic urine.

Cystine stones(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

# pathology Branching structures which create a cast of the renal pelvis and calyceal system.

Stagnorn calculi(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

# pathology Most common composition of staghorn calculi.

Magnesium ammonium phosphate (Struvite)(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

# pathology Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, accompanied by atrophy of the renal parenchyma, caused by obstruction to urine outflow.

Hydronephrosis(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 572

# pathology Dilation of the ureters secondary to obstruction.

Hydroureter(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 573

# pathology Most common malignant tumor of the kidney.

Renal cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 573

# pathology Tumors derived from renal tubular epithelium, located primarily at the cortex. With three common forms, clear cell, papillary renal cell and chromophobe renal carcinomas.

Renal cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 573

# pathology Most common form of renal cell carcinoma.

Clear cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 574

# pathology Renal carcinoma, usually solitary and large, spherical masses reaching up to 15cms in diameter. Cut surface show yellow orange to gray-white, with prominent areas of cystic softening and hemorrhage. Cells appear vacuolated or may be solid.

Clear cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 574

# pathology Renal carcinoma exhibiting varying degrees of papilla formation with fibrovascular cores. Cells have clear to pink cytoplasm.

Papillary renal cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 574

# pathology Renal cell carcinoma which tends to be tan-brown, cells have clear, flocculent cytoplasm with very prominent, distinct cell membranes. Nuclei surrounded by halos of cleared cytoplasm.

Chromophobe-type renal cell carcinoma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 574

# pathology Tumor of the urinary bladder, characterized as small, frond-like structures having delicate fibrovascular core covered by multilayered, well-differentiated transitional epithelium.

Benign papilloma(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 575

# pathology Dominant clinical presentation of bladder carcinoma.

Painless hematuria(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 575

# pathology Protozoa associated with increased risk of bladder carcinoma.

Schistosoma haematobium(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 576

# pathology Chemotherapeutic agent associated with development of hemorrhagic cystitis and increased risk of bladder carcinoma.

Cyclophosphamide(TOPNOTCH)Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th Ed. p. 576

# pathology Electron Microscopy: Subepithelial humps

PSGN (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Light Microscopy: Hyalinized glomeruli

Chronic Glomerulonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Electron Microscopy: Subepithelial deposits

Membranous glomerulopathy (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Electron Microscopy: Loss of foot processes

Minimal Change Disease (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Electron Microscopy: Subendothelial deposits

MPGN Type 1 (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Flourescence Microscopy: Linear IgG and C3

Goodpasture's disease (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Light Microscopy: Normal, with lipid in tubules

Minimal Change Disease (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology What is the most common type of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)?

Clear cell RCC (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology What are the 3 classic diagnostic features of RCC?

1. Costovertebral Pain (TOPNOTCH)2. Palpable Mass3. Hematuria

# pathology Among the 3 classic diagnostic features of RCC, which feature is the most reliable?

Hematuria (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology RCC morphology: pale eosinophilic cells, often with a perinuclear halo, arranged in solid sheets with a concentration of the largest cells around the blood vessels

Chromophobe RCC (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology RCC morphology: rounder or polygonal shape and have abundant clear or granular cytoplasm with stains with glycogen and lipid

Clear Cell RCC (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology RCC morphology: arise from DCT and are typically hemorrhagic and cystic

Papillary RCC (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology RCC morphology: irregular channels lined by highly atypical epithelium with a hobnail pattern.

Collecting Duct Carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology RCC morphology: Interstitial foam cells and psamomma bodies

Papillary Carcinoma (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Urolithiasis: most common type

Calcium Oxalate stones (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Urolithiasis: staghorn calculi

Triple stones/ struvite stones/ Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate stones (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Urolithiasis: caused by genetic defects in the renal absorption of amino acids

Cystine stones (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Urolithiasis: associated with urea-splitting bacteria

Triple stones/ struvite stones/ Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate stones (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Urolithiasis: radiolucent

Uric Acid Stones (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Urolithiasis: common in patients with leukemia

Uric Acid Stones (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology What is the most common cause of renal artery stenosis?

Occlussion by an atheromatous plaque at the origin of the renal artery (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology What is the most common type of Fibromuscular Dysplasia; intimal, medial, or adventitial?

Medial (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Gross morphology: flea bitten appearance of the kidneys

Malignant Hypertension (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology What are the two histological alterations in the blood vessels of patients with malignant hypertension?

1. Fibrinoid Necrosis of arterioles2. Onion-skinning (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology What are the 3 complications of acute pyelonephritis?

1. Papillary Necrosis2. Pyonephrosis3. Perinephric Abscess (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Among the 3 complications of acute pyelonephritis, which one is mainly seen in diabetics and in those with urinary tract obstruction?

Papillary necrosis (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: acute neutrophilic exudate within tubules and the renal substance

Acute pyelonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology ATN morphology: focal tubular epithelial necrosis at multiple points along the nephron, with large skip areas in between

Ischemic ATN (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology ATN morphology: manifested by acute tubular injury with non specific tubular necrosis

Toxic ATN (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology ATN morphology: Eosinophilic hyaline casts containing Tamm Horsfall protein

Ischemic ATN (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology ATN morphology: severely injured cells that are not yet dead might contain large acidophilic inclusions

Mercuric Chloride ATN (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology ATN morphology: accumulation of neutral lipids in injured cells

Carbon Tetrachloride poisoning (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology ATN morphology: marked ballooning and hydrophic or vacuolar degeneration of proximal convulated tubules and often times calcium oxalate crystals are seen in the lumen

Ethylene Glycol ATN (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: patchy interstitial suppurative inflammation, intratubular aggregates of neutrophils, and tubular necrosis

Acute pyelonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Gross morphology: irregularly scarred; if bilateral, the involvement is asymmetric

Chronic pyelonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Gross morphology: kidneys are diffusely and symmetrically scarred

Chronic glomerulonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: hallmark is the coarse, discrete, corticomedullary scar overlying a dilated, blunted, or deformed calyx

Chronic pyelonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology What is the main cause of renal dysfunction in Multiple Myeloma?

Bence Jones protein (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: bence jones tubular casts appear as pink to blue amorphous masses, sometimes concentrically laminated, often with fractured and angulated appearance, filling and idstending the lumens

Multiple Myeloma (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: narrowing of the lumens of arterioles and small arteries, caused by thickening and hyalinization of the walls (hyaline arteriolosclerosis)

Benign nephrosclerosis (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: classic diagnostic finding is enlarged hypercellular glomeruli

PSGN (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Gross morphology: wedge-shaped lesions, with base against the cortical surface and the apex pointing toward the medulla

Renal infarcts (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology What is the most common cause of clinical pyelonephritis?

Ascending infection (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology What is the first step in the pathogenesis of ascending infection that leads to pyelonephritis?

Colonization of the distal urethra and introits by coliform bacteria (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: "fibrin caps" and "capsular drops"

Diabetic kidney (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: diffuse increase in mesangial matrix and characteristic PAS positive nodules

Diabetic glomerulosclerosis (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Flourescence microscopy: deposition of IgA, sometimes with IgG and C3, in the mesangial region

Henoch Schonlein Purpura (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: "tram track" "double contour" glomerular capillary walls

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: collapsed glomerular tufts and the crescent shaped mass of proliferating cells and leukocytes internal to Bowman capsule

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Gross morphology: wedge-shaped lesions, with base against the cortical surface and the apex pointing toward the medulla

Renal infarcts (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology What is the most common cause of clinical pyelonephritis?

Ascending infection (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology What is the first step in the pathogenesis of ascending infection that leads to pyelonephritis?

Colonization of the distal urethra and introits by coliform bacteria (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: "fibrin caps" and "capsular drops"

Diabetic kidney (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: diffuse increase in mesangial matrix and characteristic PAS positive nodules

Diabetic glomerulosclerosis (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Flourescence microscopy: deposition of IgA, sometimes with IgG and C3, in the mesangial region

Henoch Schonlein Purpura (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: "tram track" "double contour" glomerular capillary walls

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: collapsed glomerular tufts and the crescent shaped mass of proliferating cells and leukocytes internal to Bowman capsule

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: glomeruli show thickening and sometimes splitting of capillary walls, due largely to endothelial and subendothelial swelling, and deposits of fibrin-related materials in the capillary lumens, subendothelially, and in the mesangium.

Childhood Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome(TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Gross morphology: flea bitten appearance of the kidney

Malignant hypertension(TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Gross morphology: fine, leathery granularity of the surface of the kidney

nephrosclerosis(TOPNOTCH)

# pathology What is the emerging viral pathogen that causes pyelonephritis in kidney allografts?

Polyoma virus(TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: enlarged tubular epithelial cells with nuclear inclusions

Polyoma kidney (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Flourescence microscopy: deposition of IgA, sometimes with IgG and C3, in the mesangial region

Henoch Schonlein Purpura (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Electron microscopy: irregular thickening of the BM of the glomerulus, lamination of the lamina densa, and foci of rarefaction

Alport Syndrome (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Morphology: lamina densa of the GBM is transformed into an irregular, ribbon like, extremely electron dense structure

Dense Deposti Disease or Type II MPGN (TOPNOTCH)

# pathology ESRD is defined as GFR less than how many percent of normal?

5%(TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Renal failure is defined as GFR less than how many percent of normal?

20%-25%(TOPNOTCH)

# pathology In renal insufficiency is defined as GFR less than how many percent of normal?

20%-50%(TOPNOTCH)

# pathology Diminished renal reserve is define as GFR less than how many percent of normal?

50%(TOPNOTCH)

XIV - The Kidneys and Its Collecting System Flashcards

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