XRAY Clinicals

Question 1

Define density.

Answer 1

overall blackness

Question 2

Define contrast.

Answer 2

range of densities

Question 3

Define brightness.

Answer 3

overall lightness

Question 4

Define grayscale.

Answer 4

rage of densities

Question 5

Define contrast resolution (digital)

Answer 5

smallest exposure change detectable by IR

Question 6

Define pixel.

Answer 6

picture element

Question 7

Define matrix

Answer 7

rows & columns of pixels

Question 8

Define pixel pitch/sampling pitch.

Answer 8

length from center of 1 pixel to center of next

Question 9

Define field of view.

Answer 9

part of IR shown on monitor containing relevant anatomic info

Question 10

Define spatial resolution (digital)

Answer 10

sharpness

Question 11

Define sampling frequency/scan lines.

Answer 11

of times data is recorded as IR is read

Question 12

Define exposure latitude.

Answer 12

range of acceptable exposures

Question 13

Define image noise.

Answer 13

deterioration of image by signal detection interference

Question 14

Define electronic noise.

Answer 14

noise within the system

Question 15

Define quantum noise.

Answer 15

insufficient signal strength

Question 16

Define recorded detail (analog & digital)

Answer 16

sharpness

Question 17

Define distortion

Answer 17

misrepresentation of true size or shape

Question 18

Define size distortion

Answer 18

magnification

Question 19

Define shape distortion

Answer 19

elongation or foreshortening

Question 20

Define artifact

Answer 20

distortion or error not related to subject studied

Question 21

Define image blur

Answer 21

unfocused image

Question 22

Define beam intensity/receptor exposure.

Answer 22

of xrays reaching IR

Question 23

Primary factor of density

Answer 23

mAs

Question 24

Primary factor of contrast

Answer 24

kVp

Question 25

Primary factor of brightness

Answer 25

WL

Question 26

Primary factor of grayscale

Answer 26

WW

Question 27

Primary factor of contrast resolution

Answer 27

dynamic range & bit depth

Question 28

Define bit depth

Answer 28

max range of pixel values computer can store (# of bits per pixel)

Question 29

Define dynamic range

Answer 29

IR's ability to respond to exposure

Question 30

Primary components of pixels/matrix

Answer 30

pixel, matrix, pixel pitch/sampling pitch & FOV (field of view)

Question 31

Primary factor of spatial resolution

Answer 31

pixel pitch/sampling pitch

Question 32

What are the components of spatial resolution?

Answer 32

display monitor & receptor

Question 33

What are the components of the display monitor in regards to spatial resolution?

Answer 33

pixels, matrix, FOV

Question 34

What are the components of the receptor in regards to spatial resolution?

Answer 34

pixel pitch/sampling pitch, sampling frequency/scan lines & DELs

Question 35

In CR, pixel pitch/sampling pitch is determined by what?

Answer 35

sampling frequency/scan lines

Question 36

In DR, pixel pitch/sampling pitch is determined by what?

Answer 36

DEL size

Question 37

How much exposure latitude does CR/DR have?

Answer 37

50% under/200% over

Question 38

What are the components of image noise?

Answer 38

electronic noise, quantum noise & scatter/fog

Question 39

Primary factor of recorded detail.

Answer 39

FSS

Question 40

Foreshortening is caused by what?

Answer 40

angle of part

Question 41

Elongation is caused by what?

Answer 41

angle of tube

Question 42

Magnification is caused by what?

Answer 42

increased OID/not enough SID

Question 43

Name the types of artifacts.

Answer 43

image receptor, processing, software, exposure

Question 44

What are the types of image receptor artifacts?

Answer 44

cassette-based & cassette-less

Question 45

What are examples of cassette based image receptor artifacts?

Answer 45

scratches, dust, dirt

Question 46

What are examples of cassette-less based image receptor artifacts?

Answer 46

DEL malfunctions

Question 47

What causes processing artifacts?

Answer 47

dirty or malfunctioning cassette processors

Question 48

What causes software artifacts?

Answer 48

computer software issue

Question 49

What causes exposure artifacts?

Answer 49

jewelery, clothing

Question 50

Types of image blur?

Answer 50

receptor blur, geometric blur & motion blur

Question 51

What causes receptor blur?

Answer 51

problem within equipment (IR, phosphor, DELs)

Question 52

What causes geometric blur?

Answer 52

FSS, SID, OID

Question 53

What causes motion blur?

Answer 53

motion of part, tube or IR

Question 54

Another name for receptor exposure?

Answer 54

beam intensity