xray production

Question 1

x rays are a form of —

Answer 1

radiation

Question 2

what is radiation

Answer 2

energy in transit

Question 3

forms of radiation

Answer 3

1. particulate (corpuscular) radiation

2. electromagnetic radiation–x rays

Question 4

particulate radiation

Answer 4

• subatomic particles that carry energy in the form of kinetic energy of mass in motion
  ex: alpha particles, electrons, beta particles, protons, and neutrons

Question 5

alpha particles=

Answer 5

2 protons + 2 neutrons

Question 6

tritium

Answer 6

naturally occurring radioactive form of hydrogen

found in groundwater

Question 7

electromagnetic radiation

Answer 7

energy carried by oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling through space at the speed of light

Question 8

x rays are carried by oscillating electric and magnetic fields but the trajectory of x rays is _____

Answer 8

straight

Question 9

examples of electromagnetic radiation

Answer 9

x rays
gamma rays
UV light
visible light
radio and microwaves

Question 10

properties of x rays

Answer 10

• invisible, no charge, no mass
• straight lines
• diverge over distance like a beam of light
• travel at speed of light
• wide range of wavelengths (0.01-0.05 nm)
• bc of short wavelengths and higher energy, can penetrate materials that absorb light

Question 11

greater the energy, the more readily xrays —

Answer 11

penetrate matter

Question 12

x ray absorption depends on ?

Answer 12

atomic structure and density of the matter and energy of xrays

Question 13

frequency

Answer 13

number of waves passing a particular point in a unit time

Question 14

low energy xray

Answer 14

longer wavelength

lower frequency

Question 15

high energy xray

Answer 15

shorter wavelength

higher frequency

Question 16

wavelength and frequency are —-

Answer 16

inversely proportional

Question 17

max speed of electromagnetic radiation

Answer 17

speed of light

Question 18

in some situations, electromag radiation behaves like—- while in others it behaves like —-

Answer 18

waves or units of energy (photons)

Question 19

number of orbital electrons

Answer 19

2(n)^2

Question 20

binding energy

Answer 20

amount of energy required to remove an electron from its shell
-greatest in inner most shell and in atoms with higher atomic numbers

Question 21

binding energy is a —- energy

Answer 21

negative

Question 22

atomic number

Answer 22

number of protons in the nucleus

Question 23

mass number

Answer 23

total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Question 24

ionization

Answer 24

formation of positive and negative ions by the removal of an electron from an electronically neutral atom
-elicits chemical changes in matter

Question 25

components of x ray tube

Answer 25

- cathode -- negatively charged; tungsten and metal focusing cup - anode-- positively charged; tungsten target insert and surrounding copper block

Question 26

how are xrays produced?

Answer 26

when high speed electrons are suddenly decelerated or brought to a stop -some of their kinetic energy is converted into electromagnetic radiation

Question 27

conditions necessary to make an x ray

Answer 27

1. generation of electrons 2. production of high speed electrons 3. focusing of electrons on tungsten target 4. sudden stop of high speed electrons

Question 28

what is the source of electrons?

Answer 28

filament from the cathode (heat)

Question 29

what is the filament made of?

Answer 29

tungsten

Question 30

thermionic emission

Answer 30

filament current (low voltage) heats tungsten filament to incandescent with resultant separation of electrons

Question 31

the _____ setting heats the filament

Answer 31

milliampere (mA) and controls the quantity of electrons produced

Question 32

the ____ setting creates the voltage across the x-ray tube and therefore controls the speed of electrons

Answer 32

kV (kilovoltage)

Question 33

production of high speed electrons

Answer 33

- potential difference made bw the cathode and anode by kV | - electrons that surround the filament are accelerated toward the anode at 1/2 speed of light

Question 34

focal spot

Answer 34

where the electron beam is focused on the anode target and is the source of x rays

Question 35

focusing cup

Answer 35

small metal thing that helps focus the beam on the focal spot

Question 36

what happens when the electrons strike the tungsten target?

Answer 36

- electron stream is stopped | - kinetic energy is converted to 99% heat and 1% rays

Question 37

bremsstrahlung radiation

Answer 37

- interaction with nuclei of target atoms - makes up most of x ray beam - closer electron gets to nucleus the higher energy of radiation - kinetic energy turned into x ray energy

Question 38

characteristic radiation

Answer 38

- interaction with electrons of target atoms | - energy is the difference between 2 shells

Question 39

most x rays are of --- origin

Answer 39

bremsstrahlung

Question 40

current x ray exposure time

Answer 40

0.32 sec