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ScienceKS3 > Y10 Science Mocks Revision > Flashcards

Y10 Science Mocks Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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2
Q

What are viruses?

A
  • DNA/RNA surrounded by a protein coat
  • Viruses live and reproduce inside cells causing damage
  • Examples of viruses: cold, influenza, measles, HIV, tobacco mosaic virus
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3
Q

What is bacteria?

A
  • Made of prokaryotic cells
  • No membrane bound organelles (no chloroplasts, mitochondria or nucleus)
  • Have a cell wall and are single celled organisms
  • Examples of bacteria: tuberculosis (TB), salmonella, gonorrhoea
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4
Q

What are protists?

A
  • Membrane bound organelles
  • Usually single celled
  • Examples of protists: dysentery, sleeping sickness, malaria
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5
Q

What are fungi?

A
  • Membrane bound organelles
  • Cell wall made of chitin
  • Single celled or multi cellular
  • Examples of fungi: athletes foot, thrush, rose black spot
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6
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that can be spread from person to person

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7
Q

Give some examples of communicable diseases. Include the method of transmission and how they can be controlled

A

Disease Pathogens. Symptoms. Method of Control of
Transmission Spread

Measles Virus. Fever, red. Droplet infection Vaccine
skin rash. from sneezes/coughs

HIV. Virus. Flu like symp. Sexual contact/. Anti-retro
-toms, damage. exchange of viral drugs
to immune system body fluids /condoms

Tobacco Mos. Virus Mosaic pattern. Enters wounds. Remove infe
aic Virus. on leaves. in epidermis cted leaves

Salmonella Bacteria Fever, cramps, vo- Food prepared Improve foo
miting, diarrhoea in unhygienic d hygiene
conditions

Gonorrhoea Bacteria Green discharge from. Sexual contact/. Use condo
penis/vagina exchange of body ms/antibo
fluids tics

Malaria. Protists Recurrent fever. By an animal Prevent
vector mosquito br
eeding

Rose Black. Fungus. Purple/Black spots on. Spores from Remove infe
Spot. leaves. wind/water. cted leaves

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8
Q

Name some non-specific defence systems that the body has

A
  • Nose: Nasal hairs, sticky mucus and cilia prevent pathogens entering through the nostrils
  • Trachea and bronchus (respiratory system): Lined with mucus to trap dust and pathogens. Cilia move the mucus upwards to be swallowed
  • Stomach Acid: Stomach acid (pH 1) kills most ingested pathogens
  • Skin: Hard to penetrate waterproof barrier. Glands secrete oil which kill microbes
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9
Q

How are pathogens identified?

A

Pathogens are identified by white blood cells by the different proteins on their surfaces called antigens

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10
Q

Name the components of white blood cells that fight pathogens and describe how they do so

A

Phagocytes: Phagocytosis - Phagocytes engulf the pathogens and digest them

Lymphocytes: Antibody Production - Specific antibodies destroy the pathogen. This takes time so an infection can occur. If a person is infected again by the same pathogen, the lymphocytes make antibodies much faster
Antitoxin Production - Antitoxin is a type of antibody produced to counteract the toxins produced by bacteria

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11
Q

Name the different ways plants have of defending themselves from illness

A

Physical: Thick waxy layers, cell walls stop pathogen entry
Mechanical: Thorns, curling up leaves to prevent being eaten
Chemical: Antibacterial and toxins made by plant

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12
Q

1) What are some symptoms of plant diseases
2) How would you identify plant disease

A

1) Stunted growth (nitrate ions needed for protein synthesis - lack of nitrate = stunted growth), spots on leaves, area of decay, growths, malformed stem/leaves, discolouration (magnesium ions needed to make chlorophyll - not enough leads to chlorosis - leaves turn yellow), presence of pests

2) Reference using gardening manual or website, laboratory test for pathogens, testing kit using monoclonal antibodies

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13
Q

What are non-communicable diseases

A

Diseases that can’t be spread from person to person

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14
Q

What is cancer?

A
  • The result of changes in DNA that lead to uncontrollable growth and division
  • Some cancers have genetic risk factors
  • Carcinogens and ionising radiation increase the risk of cancer by changing/damaging DNA
  • Risk factors for cancer include drinking alcohol, diet, obesity and smoking
  • These factors can also cause heart/lung disease and effect the brain, liver and health of unborn babies
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15
Q

Name the two types of tumours that cause cancer

A

Benign tumour - Contained in one area of the body (usually by a membrane) - not cancerous
Malignant tumour - Invade tissues and spread to different parts of the body to form secondary tumours - cancerous

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16
Q

What are antibiotics and painkillers?

A

Antibiotics: Kill infective bacteria inside the body. Specific bacterial infections require specific antibiotics (eg penicillin)
Painkillers (+ other medicines): Drugs that are used to treat the symptoms of a disease. They don’t kill pathogens (eg aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen)

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17
Q

Why can antibiotics not be used to treat viruses?

A

It’s difficult to develop drugs to kill viruses without harming body tissues because viruses live and reproduce inside cells

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18
Q

How can certain types of bacteria become resistant to antibiotic drugs?

A

Because bacteria can mutate and in certain cases this has made them resistant to antibiotics and drugs

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19
Q

Define vaccine/vaccination

A

Used to immunise a large portion of the population to a disease to prevent the spread of a pathogen by injecting people with a small dose of a dead or inactive pathogen

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20
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

1st infection by pathogen: White blood cells detect pathogens in the vaccine. Antibodies are released into the blood
Re-infection by the same pathogen: White blood cells detect pathogens. Antibodies are made much faster and in larger amounts

This works as a person is unlikely to suffer the symptoms of the harmful disease and it’s spread in a population is prevented

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21
Q

How are drugs made?

A

Today most new drugs are synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry. However, traditionally drugs were extracted from plants and microorganisms.

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22
Q

Give some examples of drugs that have been extracted from plants

A

Digitalis: Extracted from foxgolve plants and used as a heart drug
Aspirin: A painkiller/anti-inflammatory drug that was first found in willow bark
Penicillin: Discovered by Alexander Fleming from the Penicillium mould and used as an antibiotic

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23
Q

What are drugs extensively tested for?

A

Efficiency: Making sure the drug works
Toxicity: Check that the drug isn’t poisonous
Dose: The most suitable amount to take

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24
Q

What are preclinical trials?

A

Preclinical trials use cells, tissues and live animals as test subjects before they move onto human trials. Must be carried out before the drug can be tested on humans.

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25
Q

How do drug trials work?

A

Drugs have to be tested and trialled before to check they’re effective and safe. Clinical trials use healthy volunteers and patients.

Stage 1: Healthy volunteers try a small dose of the drug to check it’s safe and record any side effects

Stage 2: A small number of patients try the drug at a low dose to see if it works

Stage 3: A larger number of patients; different doses are trialled to find the optimum dose

Stage 4: A double blind trial will occur. The patients are divided into groups. Some will be given the drug and others a placebo (a placebo can look identical to the new drug but contain no active ingredients)

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26
Q

What are double blind trials?

A

A double blind trial is a trial in which both patients and doctors don’t know who receives the new drug and who receives a placebo until the end of the trial. This prevents bias during testing

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27
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Identical copies of one type of antibody produced in a laboratory. They are specific to one binding site on an antigen. Can target specific chemicals or cells in the body.

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28
Q

Describe how monoclonal antibodies work?

A

1) A mouse is injected with a pathogen
2) Lymphocytes produce antibodies
3) Lymphocytes are removed from the mouse and fused with rapidly dividing mouse tumour cells
4) The new cells are called hybridomas
5) The hybridomas divide rapidly and release lots of antibodies which are then collected

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29
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used?

A
  • Diagnosis: pregnancy test - measure hormone levels
  • Detecting pathogens: can detect very small quantities of chemicals in the blood
  • Detecting molecules: fluorescent dye can be attached so it can be seen inside cells/tissues
  • Treatment: bound to radioactive substance, toxic drug or chemical. Cancer cells are targeted too. Normal body cells are unharmed
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30
Q

What’s the problem with using monoclonal antibodies?

A

They can create more side effects than expected (in some cases they can even be fatal) and are not as widely used as everyone hoped they would be when they were first developed

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31
Q

What is the equation for calculating the magnification of an image?

A

Magnification = size of image / size of real object

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32
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes contain their genetic material in the nucleus whereas prokaryotes don’t. They’re also bigger than prokaryotes

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33
Q

What parts do most animal cells have?

A

Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and mitochondria

34
Q

What do plants often have that animal cells don’t?

A

Cell wall, permanent vacuole and chloroplasts

35
Q

Why do plants need chloroplasts?

A

To produce chlorophyll for photosynthesis

36
Q

Which chemical reaction takes place in mitochondria?

A

Respiration

37
Q

How many chromosomes are in a human nucleus?

A

42

38
Q

Which type of cell division is involved in replacing body cells?

A

The cell division that replaces body cells is called mitosis

39
Q

Which type of cell division is involved in the production of gametes?

A

The cell division that produces gametes is meiosis

40
Q

Give an example of a specialised cell

A

Nerve cell, sperm cell, root hair cell, muscle cell etc.

41
Q

Put these in order of size (starting with the smallest): organ, tissue, organ system, cell

A

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

42
Q

What are the differences between malignant and benign tumours?

A

A malignant tumour is cancerous while a benign tumour isn’t

43
Q

What are stem cells?

A

A stem cell is a cell that can produce other cells of the same type

44
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen + Glucose — Light —> Water + Carbon Dioxide

45
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

O2 + C6 H12 O6 — Light —> H2O + CO2

46
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animal cells?

A

Glucose ——> Lactic Acid

47
Q

What is the equation for fermentation, by yeast cells and some other microorganisms?

A

Glucose ——> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

48
Q

Which type of pathogen cannot be killed by antibiotics?

A

Viruses

49
Q

Write a definition for diffusion

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

50
Q

Write three factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A

Concentration gradient, membrane permeability and temperature

51
Q

How do you calculate the surface area:volume ratio?

A

To calculate the surface area:volume ratio you divide the surface area by the volume

52
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from a high to low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

53
Q

What is active transport?

A

Active transport is where molecules are transported against the concentration gradient

54
Q

Give an example of something that is taken into an organism by active transport

A

Active transport moves ions from the soil into root hair cells

55
Q

Describe how enzymes work

A

Enzymes break down food molecules to allow them to be absorbed by the body

56
Q

What is the name of the enzymes that break down carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

57
Q

What is the name of the enzymes that break down proteins?

A

Protease

58
Q

What is the name of the enzymes that break down lipids?

A

Lipases

59
Q

What is the role of bile?

A

Bile emulsifies lipids to increase surface area and the rate of lipid breakdown by lipase. It also changes the pH level to neutral for lipase to work

60
Q

What are the three types of blood vessel?

A

Veins, capillaries + arteries

61
Q

What does blood contain?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets

62
Q

Write a risk factor for coronary heart disease

A

Smoking, poor diet etc.

63
Q

Which plant tissue transports water?

A

Xylem transports water and minerals around the plant

64
Q

Which plant tissue transports dissolved sugars?

A

Phloem transports dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the planet (translocation)

65
Q

What are the four types of pathogen?

A

Viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi

66
Q

Give an example of each type of pathogen

A

Virus: influenza
Bacteria: salmonella
Protist: dysentery
Fungus: athletes foot

67
Q

What can white blood cells do to defend the body against pathogens?

A

They can defend the body by producing antibodies or killing pathogens

68
Q

What does a vaccine contain?

A

Vaccines contain a small amount of dead/inactive form of whatever pathogen a person’s being vaccinated against

69
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water — Light —> Oxygen + Glucose

70
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O — Light —> O2 + C6 H12 O6

71
Q

Write five limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

Temperature, light intensity, carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide concentration + amount of chlorophyll

72
Q

Write three things that the body maintains within a small range inside the body, as part of homeostasis

A

Blood glucose concentration, body temperature + water levels

73
Q

Put the following parts of a nervous response in order: coordinator, response, receptor, effector, stimulus

A

Stimulus, receptor, coordinator, effector + response

74
Q

Which gland is known as the master gland?

A

The pituitary gland

75
Q

Which hormone reduces the concentration of glucose in the blood?

A

Insulin

76
Q

Where is glucose stored in the body?

A

In the liver and muscles

77
Q

What is glucose stored as (a larger, insoluble molecule)?

A

In the liver and skeletal muscles

78
Q

Which hormone results in an increase in the blood glucose concentration?

A

Glucagon

79
Q

Which type of diabetes can be caused by a high fat diet and lack of exercise?

A

Type 2 diabetes

80
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In Vitro Fertilisation

81
Q

Which two hormones do fertility drugs contain?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

ScienceKS3 (16 decks)

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