Y2: MSK (AI GENERATED) Flashcards
Use this as supplementary to the MSK anatomy (35 cards)
What are the three main classes of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
How do fibrous joints differ from cartilaginous and synovial joints?
Fibrous joints are connected by dense connective tissue and allow little to no movement, while cartilaginous and synovial joints allow varying degrees of movement.
Describe the functional anatomy of the glenohumeral joint.
The glenohumeral joint is a synovial ball-and-socket joint formed by the articulation of the head of the humerus with the glenoid fossa of the scapula. It allows a wide range of motion but sacrifices stability for mobility.
What are the major arteries and veins supplying the shoulder, arm, and elbow?
The major arteries are the axillary artery and its branches, while the major veins are the axillary and brachial veins.
How do you recognize and test for functional integrity in brachial plexus injuries?
Brachial plexus injuries can lead to motor and sensory deficits in the upper limb. Testing for integrity involves assessing muscle strength, sensation, and reflexes in affected areas.
Describe the layers of the skin and their functions.
The skin consists of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis provides a protective barrier, the dermis contains nerves and blood vessels, and the hypodermis stores fat and regulates temperature.
What are the main cell types found in the epidermis?
The main cell types are keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.
Explain the importance of the deep fascia of the thigh.
The deep fascia of the thigh provides structural support and compartmentalization for the muscles, nerves, and blood vessels of the thigh.
Describe the functional anatomy of the knee joint and its locking mechanism.
The knee joint is a synovial hinge joint formed by the femur, tibia, and patella. It is stabilized by ligaments and muscles, and its locking mechanism involves the rotation of the femur on the tibia during extension.
What are the major nerves supplying the lower limb?
The major nerves include the femoral, obturator, sciatic, tibial, common fibular (peroneal), sural, and saphenous nerves.
Describe the arches of the foot and their maintenance.
The foot has longitudinal and transverse arches supported by bones, ligaments, and muscles. These arches distribute body weight, absorb shock, and provide flexibility and stability during locomotion.
Explain the function of the “muscle pump” in the lower limb.
The “muscle pump” refers to the contraction of leg muscles during movement, which helps propel blood back to the heart against gravity, aiding venous return and preventing blood pooling in the lower limbs.
What is the developmental origin of the somites and their contribution to the musculoskeletal system?
Somites are embryonic structures that give rise to various musculoskeletal components, including bones, muscles, and dermis. They contribute to the segmentation of the vertebral column and the formation of skeletal muscles.
What are the molecular signals involved in patterning the developing musculoskeletal system?
Molecular signals such as BMPs (Bone Morphogenetic Proteins), FGFs (Fibroblast Growth Factors), and Wnts (Wingless-related integration site proteins) play crucial roles in patterning the developing musculoskeletal system.
How does the adult dermatome relate to its embryonic origin in the somites?
Dermatomes are areas of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve. They derive from specific segments of somites during embryonic development, maintaining a segmental pattern along the body.
Describe limb formation in the embryo with respect to muscle differentiation and innervation.
Limb formation involves the differentiation of mesodermal cells into muscles and the establishment of nerve connections for innervation. Initially, limb buds form, followed by the differentiation of muscles and the extension of nerves to provide motor and sensory function.
What are the boundaries and contents of the axilla?
The axilla is bounded by the upper thoracic wall, the upper limb, and the lateral chest wall. It contains axillary lymph nodes, blood vessels, nerves, and fat.
What are the anatomical features of the brachial plexus?
The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1. It divides into roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches, supplying motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb.
Describe the functional anatomy of the wrist and hand joints.
The wrist joint is a condyloid joint formed by the radius, ulna, and carpal bones. The hand has multiple joints, including the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints, allowing for a wide range of movements.
What are the retinacula and tendon sheaths of the wrist and hand?
Retinacula are bands of connective tissue that hold tendons in place around joints. Tendon sheaths are synovial-lined tubes that surround tendons, reducing friction during movement.
What are the major arteries and veins supplying the forearm and hand?
The major arteries include the radial and ulnar arteries, while the major veins include the radial and ulnar veins. These vessels provide blood supply to the forearm and hand.
How do injuries to the radial, ulnar, and median nerves affect motor and sensory function, and how can their functional integrity be tested?
Injuries to these nerves can result in weakness, numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation in specific areas of the upper limb. Testing involves assessing muscle strength, sensation, and reflexes, along with specific maneuvers targeting the function of these nerves.
Describe the function of the integument and its main layers.
The integument acts as a protective barrier against physical, chemical, and microbial insults, regulates temperature, and provides sensation. Its main layers include the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
List the main cell types found in the epidermis and explain their roles.
The main cell types are keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Keratinocytes produce keratin for skin strength and waterproofing, melanocytes produce melanin for UV protection, Langerhans cells are involved in immune responses, and Merkel cells function in sensory perception.
