Y3 Flashcards
(21 cards)
reagents for bromination
Br2 + FeBr3 + heat
- FeBr3 = lewis acid
reagents for chlorination
Cl2 + AlCl3 + heat
- AlCl3 = lewis acid
reagents for nitration
HNO3 + H2SO4 + heat
- H2SO4 forms nitronium cation with HNO3
reagents for sulfonation
conc. H2SO4 + heat
- H2SO4 forms sulfonate cation with H2SO4
reagents for freidal-craft alkylation
alkyl halide + lewis acid + heat
H3C-X + AlCl3 + heat
reagents for freidal-craft acylation
acyl chloride + lewis acid + heat
RC(=O)Cl + AlCl3 + heat
- lewis acid needs to match halogen
protection of phenols
- reagents
- product
- effect on reactivity
RCOCl or R(CO)2O
forms an ester at the hydroxyl
becomes less activating + allows mono-substitution
protection of aniline
- reagents
- product
- effects on reactivity
NaOAc + AcCl or Ac2O
forms amide at the amine
less activating and can undergo reactions with acidic conditions
synthesis of aniline from benzene (non-acidic reduction)
nitration of benzene to form nitrobenzene
- HNO3 + H2SO4
reduction to form aniline
- H2, Pd/C
synthesis of benzene from nitrobenzene (acidic reduction)
reduction of nitrobenzene to form anilinium cation
- Sn + HCl
neutralisation to form aniline
- NaOH
synthesis of diazonium salts
reduction of nitrobenzene to form aniline
- H2, Pd/C
diazotisation to form diazonium salt
- NaNO2 + HCl
synthesis of phenol from diazonium salts
H2O + H2SO4 + heat
synthesis of aryl iodide from diazonium salts
KI
sandmeyer reactions
copper catalyst
chlorination = CuCl + HCl
bromination = CuBr + HBr
cyanation = CuCN + HCN
baltz-scheimann reaction
NaBF4
forms aromatic fluorines
H substitution of diazonium salts
H3PO4 + H2O + heat
allows for removal of amino and nitro groups
diazonium salts in aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction
acts as electrophile
forms a C-N bond ortho/para to the EDG group
results in 2 aromatic rings joined by N-N double bond
bromination of aniline
Br2 (excess) + H2O + NaHCO3
H2O + NaHCO3 used for neutralisation of excess Br- to form HBr
bromination of phenol
Br2 + H2O + EtOH
EtOH for neutralisation of Br-
clemmensen reduction
- reagents
- product
Zn(Hg) + HCl
aldehyde/ketone to alkyl (alkane)
alkylbenzene oxidation
- reagents
- products
hot KMnO3
aklyl (alkane) to carboxylic acid
