Y8:Bio5.1 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Diffusion Smelling our food:
Particles —, where they are —. They — through the air by –, down
a –.
A
escape from the cooking food; at a high
concentration; spread out randomly; diffusion; concentration gradient
2
Q
Diffusion Getting nutrients to the cells:
Your body cannot use the food you eat until –. The digested food moves into your blood from– by –.
A
it is broken down and carried in your blood to the cells which need it; your digestive system; diffusion down a concentration gradient
3
Q
Lots of insects, birds and bats rely on —.
A
diffusion to find the flowers they pollinate
4
Q
Many flowers produce a scent, which — they are there. Insects like butterflies and moths pick up the scent and —.
A
diffuses through the air to tell pollinators; follow it up the concentration gradient until they reach the flower
5
Q
The blood spreads out through the water by -.
Sharks smell substances such as blood in the water, even –. They will —, smelling the— until they find their prey.
A
diffusion; at very low concentrations; swim up the concentration gradient; blood concentration getting higher
6
Q
Diffusion: —
A
The net movement of particles in a liquid or gas down a concentration gradient, from a high concentration to a lower concentration.
7
Q
Diffusion is very important in many
A
biological systems
8
Q
Food provides the energy needed by – to – that are part of all the processes of life.
A
the cells; carry out the chemical reactions
9
Q
Cells need a — so that they can use it to grow, move and reproduce.
A
controlled way of releasing the energy stored in food
10
Q
Cells use - to break down — in a process called –. Aerobic respiration releases the energy they need –.
A
oxygen; food molecules such as glucose; aerobic respiration; in a controlled way
11
Q
When glucose is broken down during aerobic respiration, waste products form. These waste products are –.
A
carbon dioxide and water
12
Q
the word equation for aerobic respiration:
A
glucose + oxygen
respiration>
carbon dioxide + water (+energy)
13
Q
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
A
Mitochondria
14
Q
Mitochondria are found in — because —
A
both animals and plants need to release the energy stored in their food molecules in a controlled way
15
Q
types of cells that have a lot of mitochondria and cells that have very few
A
muscle cells & cells producing the seeds and fruit of a plant
cells storing fats or oils
16
Q
Aerobic respiration
A
takes place in the mitochondria of animal and plant cells. It gives a controlled release of energy
17
Q
Our muscles can store fuel, but they –. But our muscles keep working even though —.
A
cannot store oxygen; they don’t have the oxygen they need in a process called anaerobic respiration
18
Q
Anaerobic respiration (4)
A
- does not release as much energy as aerobic respiration from each molecule of glucose (use many glucose molecules)
- glucose molecules are not completely broken down
- waste product: lactic acid
- can provide a quick burst of energy, but can’t be used for a long time
19
Q
result of anaerobic respration:
Lactic acid, the—, is –. When you keep breathing fast after you have stopped exercising, your body – in your muscles. This helps –, so that your breathing can go back to normal.
A
waste product made in anaerobic respiration; toxic when it builds up; uses the extra oxygen you take in to break down the lactic acid; your muscles to recover
20
Q
the word equation for anaerobic respiration:
A
glucose >
lactic acid (+energy)
21
Q
Anaerobic respiration is used —.
A
during short bursts of vigorous exercise
22
Q
Limewater is a —. It is a – liquid.
A
dilute solution of calcium hydroxide; clear, colourless
23
Q
If you bubble - through limewater, it turns –. Limewater is often used to —.
The more carbon dioxide there is, the – will go cloudy.
A
carbon dioxide; milky white; indicate (show) the presence of carbon dioxide; faster the limewater
24
Q
Always consider the variables and make sure that you have – when you plan an investigation.
A
a control
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Limewater is a --. It is a -- liquid.
dilute solution of calcium hydroxide; clear, colourless
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If you --- through limewater, it turns --. Limewater is often used to --. The more - there is, the - the limewater will go cloudy.
bubble carbon dioxide; milky white; indicate the presence of carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide; faster
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The control in the investigation that tests how will they know where the CO2 come from.
They suggest filling a big syringe or a plastic bottle with air - the same air that everyone breathes into their lungs - and then bubbling it out through limewater in a test tube.
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If the limewater in the tube that contians air from the surroundings stays clear, it will show that the --- than the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air we breathe out.
concentration of carbon dioxide in the air we breathe in is lower
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* Always consider the --- when you plan an investigation.
variables and make sure that you have a control
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In science, a "control" refers to a ---.
part of an experiment that remains unchanged and serves as a standard for comparison
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--- carries out aerobic respiration, --- you need to grow, move, and carry out all the other characteristics of life.
Every cell in your body; releasing the energy
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Your right lung is --- than your left lung.
This makes room for your ---.
However, your left lung is ---.
When you are an adult, your lungs have a volume of about ---
wider and shorter; liver which sits below your lungs in your chest; smaller overall because your heart sits behind it; 6000 cm^3.
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-- takes place in your lungs. This is the process where your body --- from your blood.
Gas exchange; exchanges oxygen in the air for waste carbon dioxide
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Respiratory system=
gas exchange system
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2 functions of the nose in the respiratory system
Your nose makes the air warm and moist, which makes gas exchange in the lungs easier. Your nose has hairs and makes mucus to trap microorganisms that might cause disease.
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The main parts of the human respiratory system are the ---.
mouth and nose, the trachea, the bronchi, the alveoli, the lungs, the pleura, and the diaphragm
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Trachea has -- around it, holding the tube open so you can breathe.
rubbery cartilage rings;holding the tube open
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Bronchi (-) ---, carrying the air --.
bronchus; branch into smaller and smaller tubes; deep into your lung tissue
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The sepcialised cells in the bronchi make --- from the air; it also -- which might infect the lungs.
Some specialised cells are also covered in --- which --- away from the lungs.
mucus which traps dust and dirt; traps harmful microorganisms; cilia, hair-like structures; move the mucus, dirt and microorganisms
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Alveoli: The structure of each --- for gas exchange. There are - of them, and they all have a --, and to -- the cells. They form little - like bunches of grapes.
alveolus is adapted; millions; good blood supply to take oxygen from the air; get rid of the waste carbon dioxide made by; clusters
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Pleura: produce ---, making it easier for the --- as you breathe in and out.
a liquid and slide over each other; lungs to get bigger and smaller
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You need -- between the air in the alveoli and your blood for gas exchange to take place.
steep concentration gradients
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When you inhale you force air into your lungs. This air is --. When you exhale you ---. This air is --. --- keeps the concentration gradients steep, so ---.
relatively high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide; force air out of your lungs; relatively high in carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen; Changing the air in the lungs; gas exchange happens fast
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The --- contract or relax to change the ---.
intercostal muscles between your ribs and diaphragm; shape of your chest cavity
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Inhaling (breathing in)
* The intercostal muscles between your ribs contract, pulling your ribcage
up and out.
* Your diaphragm contracts, so it moves downwards and flattens.
* These movements increase the volume inside your chest.
* This lowers the pressure inside your chest, so air moves into your lungs from outside.
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Exhaling (breathing out)
* The intercostal muscles relax, so your ribcage moves down and in.
* Your diaphragm relaxes, so it moves upwards.
* These movements reduce the volume inside your chest.
* This increases the pressure inside your chest, so air is forced out of your lungs and out of your body.
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4 adaptations of the alveoli
1. Good blood supply. Each tiny air sac is surrounded by a network of blood vessels. called capillaries.
2. Huge surface area. Each alveolus is very small, but there are millions of them.
3. Thin cell walls (1 cell thick) of capillaries and alveoli. Gases do not have far to move and diffusion takes place easily.
5. Have high concentration gradient between carbon dioxide and oxygen. This is made by exchanging gas in the lungs， so that gases diffuse quickly
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What happens in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli?
Oxygen from the air in the alveoli moves into the blood in the capillaries. Waste carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the air in the alveoli and is breathed out. The oxygen and the carbon dioxide both move by diffusion down concentration gradients.
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Why can gas be exchanged quickly in the lungs?
There is a steep concentration gradient between the oxygen in the air you breathe in and the blood in your capillaries and between the carbon dioxide in the blood and the air in the lungs.
Thus diffusion takes place quickly.
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How are steep diffusion gradients made in the lungs?
made by the movement of the blood through the capillaries and the breathing movements of the air in the lungs
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COPD
-lung disease
-affecting the structure of the alveoli > gas exchange does not take place so efficiently
-thin walls of the alveoli break down, leads to fewer big air sacs instead of many tiny ones
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Symptoms of COPD
breathless very easily
cannot walk far or do high intensity exercise (run or climb stairs)
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Why does COPD make people breathless?
The big air sacs have a smaller surface area than healthy alveoli. Less gas exchange takes place. This means that the cells of the body do not get enough oxygen,
and the waste carbon dioxide builds up in the blood.
You feel breathless, and the body reacts by trying to get more air into the lungs.
54
Around the world, around -- of people have asthma. If you have an asthma attack, you ---. You cannot --.
8-9%; struggle to breathe in and out; get enough oxygen or remove toxic carbon dioxide
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What happens in asthma attack?
In asthma the airways are sensitive to
environmental triggers, exercise or stress.
the muscles around the airways to the lungs contract. This makes the tubes narrower so it is hard to move air in or out
linings of the bronchi swell and make extra mucus during an asthma attack, making breathing even harder
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Asthma triggers (12)
pollen
smoking
infections
food allergies
stress
exercise
medicines
air pollution
mould
dust mite
cold air
pets
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Asthma symptoms
* wheezing
* coughing at night which disturbs your sleep
* shortness of breath
* a tight feeling in your chest
* difficulty breathing
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2 types of medicine to treat asthma
relievers and preventers
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Relievers:
Used when someone has an asthma attack to make them feel better fast.
Relievers relax the muscles around the bronchi.
This opens up the airways quickly, making it easy to breathe again.
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Preventers:
developed once doctors and scientists discovered that the airways also
become inflamed in asthma. Preventers reduce inflammation, making the airways less sensitive and so making asthma attacks much less likely
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inhalers
medical devices which work with our natural breathing to deliver medicines deep into the airways
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You have about - of blood in your body.
5 litres
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The percentage volume of the different components of blood.
55%Plasma 1%white blood cells and platelets 44%RBC
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Plasma is a -- liquid making up 55% of your blood volume. Plasma is mainly -, and it transports your blood cells and platelets around your body. It also carries --- to your cells and carries ---. The waste product ---, where it is removed from your body in the -.
yellow, straw-coloured; water; dissolved food (from small intestine) and other substances; toxic carbon dioxide away from your cells to your lungs; urea is transported in the plasma from the cells of your liver to your kidneys; urine
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Platelets make your blood - if you cut yourself, so that you do not bleed to death. Platelets help clots to form ---allowing the body to repair itself. The -- protects the wound from more damage, and ---.
clot; scabs, which cover damaged tissues, ;scab; stops microorganisms from getting into your body
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The red blood cells are -- in your body, but they make up 44% of your blood volume. You have --than any other type of cell. Red blood cells have a disc-like shape and no nucleus; this makes lots of room for haemoglobin, the ---. They squeeze through very small blood vessels --.
the smallest cells; more red blood cells; red-coloured molecule that carries oxygen from the alveoli of the lungs to the cells of the body for aerobic respiration; one at a time
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---both help to protect you from disease.
Platelets and white blood cells
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When the air pressure is lower, the --- is smaller. Less air ----less oxygen is available to be exchanged with every breath.
pressure gradient between the air and the lungs when you breathe in; moves into your alveoli
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4 adaptations for people who live for generations at a higher altitude
large rib cages
more small airways and alveoli
extra capillaries in lungs
many extra RBC
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If you are born at sea level you never adapt fully to life at altitude - but your body tries hard. After just a few weeks at altitude, you --- need from the air.
make more red blood cells to help you to get the oxygen you
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4 Adaptaions for mammals that take long dives in the sea
* Apnea: the whale stops breathing while it is under water.
Bradycardia: the whale's heart rate slows down to only a few beats per minute. This reduces the oxygen used by the body tissues.
* Capillary shutdown: the capillaries in many areas of the whale's body, such as the digestive system, close during a dive. This saves blood and oxygen for the organs that really need it.
* Large myoglobin stores in the muscles: whale muscles contain lots of myoglobin.
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Myoglobin
Myoglobin takes oxygen from the blood and stores it in the muscles, allowing them to respire aerobically for most of the dive. When the oxygen store is empty, the muscles respire anaerobically, and lactic acid builds up, eventually ending the dive.
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The respiratory systems of people born at high altitudes have adaptations --.
to exchange gases very efficiently
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Carbohydrates store ---. Foods such as --- (5) are full of carbohydrates. Carbohydrate-rich foods are part of our -- - people eat these foods every day.
a lot of energy which your body uses easily; rice, wheat, cassava, potatoes and bananas; staple diet
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--- is called your diet.
The food you eat each day
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You need protein to build ---. Foods rich in protein include ---(7).
new tissues, replace old tissues and repair damaged tissues; meat, fish and insects, eggs peas, beans and nuts
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---your body is built of protein. Proteins ---. Your body breaks down--, then --- back into the proteins it needs.
Much of; contain 20 different building blocks called amino acids; the proteins you eat into amino acids; builds those amino acids
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Lipids - -- - are a -- source of energy for your body. Fats are ---. Fat cells store energy in your body. Fat cells also make an---. The --- are made of fat molecules.
fats and oils; very important; solid lipids and oils are liquid lipids; insulating layer under your skin and form a protective layer around organs like your kidneys; membranes of all your cells;
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Vitamins help ---. Different vitamins are found in different types of food - for example vitamin C is found in -- and
vitamin D is found in --.
chemical reactions take place in your cells; citrus fruits; dairy produce and fish oils
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You need minerals to ---. Iron is needed to make ---. Calcium is ---.
build different substances in your body; haemoglobin to carry oxygen in your blood; needed for strong teeth and bones
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Most of the food you take in is made up of --- which your body cannot use. In your digestive system, the --- which move from your gut into ---. The - nutrients are carried all around your body in the blood to the cell where they are needed.
large, insoluble molecules; big insoluble molecules are broken down into small, soluble molecules; your blood by diffusion; dissolved
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The - of a balanced diet for humans include ---. It also includes--.
constituents ; carbohydrates, proteins, fats and oils, vitamins and minerals; plenty of water and fibre.
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Sugars such as ---. They often taste sweet. Sugars move quickly by ---, giving you ---. Fruits such as --- contain lots of sugar.
glucose are small, soluble carbohydrate molecules; diffusion from your digestive system into your blood; an energy boost; dates and bananas
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Animals eat food to ---.
They use both ---.
obtain energy and nutrients; carbohydrates and fats to store energy
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Foods such as --- contain lots of starch. Starch is a ----. Starch must be -- by your body, so the energy from ---. --, which often contain lots of starch, are eaten by many animals.
bread, rice and pasta; carbohydrate made by plants from lots of sugar molecules; broken down; starchy foods is released slowly; Plant roots and fruits
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--- are all examples of starch-filled plant roots that make energy-rich food.
Potatoes, sweet potatoes, carrots and beets
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Different fats and oils contain ---.
different fatty acids
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Fats and oils are energy-rich. They contain ---. Lipid molecules all have the same---.: a ---.
much more energy per gram than carbohydrates; same basic structure; different set of fatty acids attached to the glycerol molecule
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glycerol or glycogen?
fatty acids are attached to the glycerol molecule
Glycogen is a short-term carbohydrate energy store in our muscles and liver
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Plants store energy-rich lipids in ---.
their seeds to feed the new plant when it grows
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Fat and oil-rich foods are good ----.
sources of energy for the cells
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Foods containing both --- are rare in the natural world.
fats and sugars
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Humans and animals' two ways of storing energy
glycogen and fat
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Glycogen is a---. Like starch, glycogen is made up of ---. Glycogen is used in the body to -- if the---.
short-term carbohydrate energy store in our muscles and liver; lots of sugar molecules joined together; give instant energy; level of sugar in your blood gets low
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Fat is a long-term way of storing energy in the body. If we eat more than we need, some of the ----. If we do not get enough food, our body --- to give the cells the energy they need.
excess food molecules are converted into fat and stored in special fat cells under the skin and around the organs of the body; breaks down our fat stores
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1 kcal= kJ
4.2
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Energy values ----
show you the energy in a given mass of food.
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temperature rise per gram =
measured temperature rise / mass of food used
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To plan and carry out an investigation you must:
(4)
* decide what to compare and what to measure
* identify variables that need to be controlled
* choose a suitable value for each controlled variable
* test that the values you have chosen give reasonable
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Whoever you are and wherever you live, some recommendations are the same for everyone. You need to eat a ---, and the nutrients your body needs to -- itself.
balanced diet providing the food you need to replace the energy used by your cells to carry out the functions of life;
grow and repair
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Nutritional requirements vary from country to country and person to person. 3 examples
People in cold countries need to take in more energy than people in warmer ones.
People who do hard physical work need more energy from their food than people who sit at a desk all day. Children and young people who are growing fast have different nutritional needs than people who are older.
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If you eat a balanced diet, you eat a ---.
wide variety of foods that give you the nutrients you need in healthy proportions
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In a balanced diet , you eat lots of ---. There should always be some --- in your diet, and everyone needs ---.
carbohydrates, fruit and vegetables; protein; small amounts of fats and oils too
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Fibre is an important part of a healthy diet, but it isn't --. Fibre is made of ---. This fibre helps ---. It prevents -. A high-fibre diet helps to protect you against ---.
a nutrient; large molecules your body can't digest, often cellulose from plant cell walls; move everything steadily through your digestive system; constipation; heart disease and some cancers (colon cancer)
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Your body is almost -- water. You lose water all the time, in --. You must replace this by drinking.
Everyone needs to drink at least -- of water every day. The amount of water you need depends on where you live. In hotter countries people need to drink more as ---.
70% ; exhaling, sweat, urine, tears and faeces; a litre; they sweat more to keep cool
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The health of the digestive system is affected by --- in the diet.
the amount of fibre
