y8 life processesss Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Word equation for aerobic respiration
A
Glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + (energy)
2
Q
Aerobic respiration is
glucose + _______ –> water + _______ + _______
A
oxygen
carbon dioxide
(energy)
3
Q
Chemical formula of aerobic respiration
A
C6H12O6 + O2 –> CO2 + H2O + (energy)
4
Q
System the body obtains glucose from for respiration
A
Digestive
5
Q
Part of cell where respiration mainly occurs
A
Mitochondria
6
Q
Reactant
Product
A
Substances present at the beginning of a chemical reaction
Substances present at the end of a chemical reaction
7
Q
Test for carbon dioxide
A
Blow bubble through limewater, will turn cloudy if CO2 present
8
Q
Test for oxygen
A
Place glowing splint at mouth of test tube containing a gas. If gas is oxygen splint will relight
9
Q
Test for hydrogen
A
Hold lit splint near top of a test tube containing substance, if hydrogen present it will react with oxygen in air and explode, producing squeaky pop sound
10
Q
‘Aerobic’ word being used indicates presence of ________
A
Oxygen
11
Q
Energy measured in _______
A
Joules (J)
12
Q
Symbol for kilojoule
A
kJ (lowercase k)
13
Q
7 nutrients needed by human body
A
Lipids (fats)
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
Fibre
14
Q
Difference between fats and lipids
A
Fat is a type of lipid
15
Q
High energy foods likely contain what things
A
Lipids/fats and carbohydrates
16
Q
Foods that help repair muscles are high in _______
A
Protein
17
Q
Why is fibre useful
A
Adds bulk to food, helps it pass through digestive system, prevents constipation
18
Q
Scurvy occurs when you don’t have enough of ________
A
Vitamin c
19
Q
Sources of vitamin c
A
Fruit and veg, citrus fruits
20
Q
Rice, potato and bread are sources of _______
A
Carbohydrates
21
Q
Where are lipids found
A
Oils and fatty fish
22
Q
Meat and nuts are sources of ________
A
Protein
23
Q
Sugar and starch are types of _______
A
Carbohydrates
24
Q
Sources of fibre
A
Oats, fruit and veg, seeds
25
What are carbs useful for
Body's main source of energy
26
What are lipids useful for
Energy storage: Lipids are a primary source of energy, providing more than twice the calories of carbohydrates or protein. The body uses fat when it has used up all its carbohydrates, such as after exercise.
Protection: Lipids protect the body from injury and insulate it to keep it warm or cool. For example, earwax protects the skin of the ear canal.
27
What are vitamins useful for
Immune system, among others
28
Where can you find vitamins
Because there are so many different types, the best way to get all of them is to have a healthy diet
29
Where can you find minerals
Avocados and dark chocolate are both good sources
30
What are minerals useful for
Needed for heart and brain function, as well as the production of hormones and enzymes
31
What is water useful for in our bodies
Temperature regulation
Waste removal
Nutrient transport
Joint lubrication
Skin health
Digestion
32
When does scurvy happen
Vitamin C deficiency
33
When does night blindness happen
Vitamin A deficiency
34
Sources of vitamin A
Oranges, fruit + veg
35
What happens when you have scurvy
Bleeding skin + gums
36
Vitamin D deficiency
Ricketts
37
What happens when you have ricketts
Soft/bendy bones
38
Sources of vitamin D
Dairy, sunlight
39
Reagent
Substance added to a system to cause a chemical reaction
40
Difference between reagent and reactant
Reactants are consumed in chemical reactions (change into something else) whereas reagents are not necessarily consumed during the progression of a reaction
41
Vitamin B1 sources
Meat and cereals
42
Beri-beri
Vitamin B1 deficiency
43
What happens when you have beri-beri
Fatigue, no energy
44
Test for starch
Iodine
45
Positive reaction in test for starch
Brown/orange to black/blue
46
Test for sugar (glucose)
Benedicts
47
Positive result for test for sugar (glucose)
Blue to orange/green/red
48
Test for protein
Biuret
49
Positive result for test for protein
Blue to purple
50
Test for lipids
Ethanol (alcohol)
51
Positive result for test for lipids
Clear/colourless to cloudy white emulsion
52
What is digestion
The process of breaking down food into substances our body can absorb and use
53
Where does mechanical digestion mainly occur
Mouth
54
List of order food will travel through as it is digested
Mouth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
55
Where are carbohydrates digested
Start to be chemically digested in mouth, most digestion happens in small intestine
56
Where digestion of protein takes place
Stomach, small intestine
57
Where digestion of lipids takes place
Small intestine
58
Which organ creates carbohydrase, protease and lipase
Pancreas
59
Protease is an example of an ___________ and the _____________
Enzyme, lock + key method
60
Purpose of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
Provides the right pH for the protease enzymes; kills bacteria
61
Purpose of bile in the digestive system
Neutralise the acid which was added to food in the stomach to give the best pH for enzymes to work. Break down (emulsify) fat
62
Where bile is produced
Liver
63
Where bile is stored
Gall bladder
64
Stomach description
Muscular bag filled with gastric juice (a mixture of hydrochloric acid, mucus and enzymes)
65
Oesophagus description
Muscular tube that takes semi-digested food from the throat to the stomach. It pushes it down by doing contractions called peristalsis
66
How food does not go in your air hole
The epiglottis covers your trachea
67
Mouth description
Your teeth help chop up food here. Saliva added here softens the food and has the enzyme carbohydrase to break down starch into sugar (glucose)
68
Where bile is released
Small intestine
69
Large intestine description
Water and minerals are absorbed here, back to the blood. The remains are formed into brown, semi-solid faeces
70
Liver
Makes bile, stores some nutrients: vitamins and minerals from digestion, changes them from one form to another, and releases them into the blood based on the needs of the body
71
Rectum
End of large intestine, next part of tract, stores faeces
72
Small intestine
Site of maximum absorption. Three liquids are added here, bile, pancreatic juices and intestinal juice.
73
What bile is used for in the small intestine
Helps to neutralise the acid that was added to food in the stomach and is the best pH for enzymes to work. Bile also helps break down fat (emulsification)
74
What is emulsification
The process of breaking down the complex fat molecules converted into smaller fat molecules by the bile salts secreted by the liver that will be easier to digest with the help of enzymes. The final products formed by the emulsification of fats are fatty acids and glycerol that can be easily absorbed by the small intestine
75
What is pancreatic juice used for in the small intestine
Contains enzymes to help digest food further (lock + key method enzymes)
76
What is intestinal juice used for in the small intestine
Also have lock + key method enzymes (like the pancreatic juice). This finally breaks down the food enough to pass through the lining into the blood
77
Pancreas
This alos contains lock + key enzymes which digest food further when released into the small intestine
78
Carbohydrates are broken down into ______ using _________
Glucose (sugar), carbohydrase enzymes
79
Proteins are broken down into _________ using _________
Amino acids, protease enzymes
80
Lipids are broken down into ________ using _______
Fatty acids and glycerol, lipase
81
Why we can't digest fibre
We don't have the enzymes in our body to (although some animals like cows and sheep do)
82
Why we don't digest vitamins + minerals
They are already small enough to be absorbed
83
Purpose of bacteria in our gut
Digest food we cannot (e.g. cellulose) to give us essential nutrients (e.g. vitamin K)
84
Part of the digestive system water and mineral absorption takes place
Large intestine
85
How the small intestine is adapted to increase the rate of absorption
Villi and microvilli to increase surface area; a good blood supply to transport nutrients; mucus for lubrication; glucose moves from a high concentration in the intestine to a lower concentration in the blood.
86
What the optimum conditions for amylase are
Neutral pH, 37 degrees celsius
87
What happens to an enzyme if it is boiled or exposed to a strong acid
It is denatured
88
Scientific name for the windpipe
Trachea
89
The trachea divides into two ________. These then divide into __________
Bronchi, bronchioles
90
The air sacs at the end of each bronchiole are called
Alviolus singular, alveoli plural
91
Breathing in and out is also known as _______
Ventilation
92
When we inhale, the volume inside the thorax ____________ so the pressure inside the thorax _____________
Increases, decreases
93
When we exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and moves _________
Upward
94
Features alveoli have to maximise gas exchange
Large surface area; concentration gradient (oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse); good blood supply; capillary wall only 1 cell thick
95
Word equation for anaerobic respiration in cells
Glucose --> lactic acid
96
Word equation for fermentation
Glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide
97
Which releases more energy - aerobic or anaerobic respiration
Aerobic - aerobic processes extract most of the glucose molecules' energy in the form of ATP, while anaerobic processes leave most of the ATP-generating sources in the waste products
98
What is ATP energy
It is an energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things. ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes.
99
Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is known as
Fermentation
100
Give an example of where fermentation is used
Baking bread, brewing wine
101
Lung
Organ in which gas exchange takes place
102
Diaphragm
Sheet of muscle that contracts to increase volume of chest cavity
103
Intercostal muscles
Contract to pull ribcage up and outwards
104
Bronchioles
Carry air to alveoli
105
Alveoli
Increase surface area of lung to maximise gas exchange
106
Capillaries
Maintain concentration of gases between lungs and blood to maximise gas exchange
107
Bronchi
Carry air into and out of left or right lung
108
Trachea (air hole)
Carry air to and from lungs
109
Difference between emulsification and using the lipase enzyme
Related processes, but not same. Emulsification refers to breaking down large fat droplets into smaller ones, increasing surface area. Lipase enzyme acts on the surface of fat molecules to break them down into glycerol and fatty acids.
