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Yr 9 Science > Y9 Biology > Flashcards

Y9 Biology Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

2nd line of defence

A

An innate immune system targeting pathogens equally in general ways creating inflammation

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2
Q

Prevention

A

An action inhibiting the introduction of disease into an area, population, or individual

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3
Q

Herd immunity

A

When 80-95% of people in a community are vaccinated, slowing or stopping the spread of a disease

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4
Q

Disease

A

An abnormal condition of an organism, caused by a pathogen, interrupting bodily functions

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5
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community of different organisms’ physical environment and the interaction between them

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6
Q

Environment

A

All basic non-biotic factors affecting survival of organisms

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7
Q

Habitat

A

The living place of an organism

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8
Q

Ammonification

A

The production of ammonia from proteins in dead organisms and urine

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9
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Conversion of nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds

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10
Q

Respiration word equation

A

Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water + ATP

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11
Q

Letter equation for respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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12
Q

Photosynthesis word equation

A

Carbon dioxide + light energy + water -> glucose + oxygen

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13
Q

Letter equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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14
Q

Denitrification

A

Conversion of soil nitrates into nitrogen gas

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15
Q

Nitrification

A

Conversion of ammonia into nitrites and then nitrates

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16
Q

Adaptation

A

A feature that enhances an organisms chance of survival

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17
Q

Example of fungi disease

A

Ring worm
Valley fever

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18
Q

Example of virus disease

A

Ebola
Covid-19
Chickenpox
Dengue fever
HIV/ AIDS
Japanese encephalitis

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19
Q

Example of Protozoa disease

A

Malaria
Giardia

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20
Q

Epidemic

A

The occurrence of more cases of a disease than would be expected in a community, country or region

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21
Q

Pandemic

A

An epidemic of a disease that has spread across a large region (multiple continents or worldwide)

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22
Q

1st line of defence + examples

A

An innate immune system preventing pathogens from entering the body
The skin
Eyes
Nose & lungs
Stomach

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23
Q

Symptom

A

A manifestation of a disease felt or experienced by the host

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24
Q

Sign

A

A manifestation of a disease that can be detected or measured by another individual

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25
Treatment
the use of an agent or procedure in an attempt to cure or mitigate a disease condition
26
Phagocytosis
The process in which a phagocyte surrounds & digests a pathogen
27
3rd line of defence
The specific adaptive immune system differentiating between different pathogens
28
Pathogen
An organism causing disease to its host
29
Decomposers
Organisms that **break down energy rich molecules** (like glucose) **in dead organisms** into **simple molecules** helping to **recycle matter**
30
Parasitism
One species gains from the symbiotic relationship the other is negatively impacted
31
Commensalism
One species gains from the symbiotic relationship the other neither gains or loses everything
32
Mutualism
Two organisms which both gain from their symbiotic relationship
33
Symbiosis
The relationship between multiple organisms living in close proximity
34
Community
Different populations of species living in the same area
35
Population
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same proximity
36
B lymphocytes (B cells)
The white blood cells producing antibodies for targeting pathogens in the 3rd line of defence
37
Antibody
A type of protein that can bind to a specific pathogen’s antigens
38
Example of bacteria disease
Salmonella Tuberculosis Tetanus Plague Strep throat Whooping cough Meningitis
39
Consumers
Animals that get their energy from the food they consume
40
Producer
Plants or other organisms which take nutrients from the sun
41
Four processes in the carbon cycle
1. Photosynthesis 2. Consumption & assimilation 3. Respiration & decomposition 4. Combustion
42
For malaria: major signs and symptoms
High fever, headache, nausea, shivering fits, sweating
43
For malaria: 5 example methods of prevention/ control
Insecticides Draining standing water Antimalarial drugs & vaccination Bed netting Protective clothing
44
For malaria: 1. Organism that acts as a host to the pathogen 2. Method of transmission
1. Humans, and mosquitoes 2. Female mosquito bites of a particular species (feeding on blood)
45
For malaria: Genus of the pathogen
Plasmodium
46
4 processes of nitrogen cycle
1. Ammonification 2. Nitrogen fixation 3. Nitrification 4. Denitrification
47
Food chain general format
Producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer -> tertiary consumer
48
3 types of symbiotic relationship
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
49
4 biotic factors
Feeding relationships Competition Disease Symbiotic relationships
50
4 abiotic factors
Water Temperature Atmosphere Light
51
Give 3 public health measures that affect disease incidence
Examples: Quarantine/ social isolation Good hygiene Sanitation facilities Bed nets Face masks Avoiding travel
52
(3) strategies to control the spread of infectious disease
-Public health measures -Immunity (eg. herd immunity via vaccination) -Medicines
53
6 modes of disease transmission
**6 modes** Airborne Direct contact Water borne Foodborne Sexually transmitted Vector-borne
54
5 major groups of pathogens
Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoa Multicellular parasites
55
Why are developing countries more susceptible to epidemics and pandemics (4 reasons)
Overcrowding Malnutrition Cultural attitudes & practices Inadequate public health systems
56
Contrast bacteria vs viruses
Viruses: Can **only replicate inside cells** of other organisms Are **not affected by antibiotic medicines** Are **smaller** Bacteria: Can **replicate on their own** Are usually **affected by antibiotic** medicines Are **larger** Both are: Type of microbe + pathogen Able to cause infections
57
Contrast infectious and non-infectious diseases
**Infectious:** -**Caused by pathogens** -Can be **passed between individuals** **Non-infectious:** -**Not caused by pathogens** -Caused by **inherited, nutritional, or environmental conditions**
58
How the second line of defence fights a pathogen entered the body (3 points)
**3 POINTS 🫶** 1. Damaged infected **tissue releases chemical signs** 2. Blood vessels expand & **plasma carries macrophages** to inflammation 3. Macrophages **engulf** & destroy pathogen by ingesting it > this is called phagocytosis
59
Process of third line of defence (5 points)
1. **Pathogen enters** & 3rd line of defence **tries to identify** 2. **B cells look for pathogens in bloodstream** 3. B cells **produce specific antibodies** for antigens of pathogens, destroying 4. **Memory cells are created** 5. If **same infection occurs, memory cells ensure** antibodies are created quickly
60
How do vaccines work?
- Vaccines hold **weakened or dead pathogens** > this triggers the **body to produce B cells** > and **memory cells** which stay in the body to > **fight the same pathogen in future**
61
causes of non-infectious diseases
inherited, nutritional, environmental conditions
62
Contrast **second** and **third** lines of defence
**Second line** - non specific - doesn’t involve antibodies **Third line** - specific - involves antibodies
63
greenhouse gases
-Methane -Nitrous oxide -Carbon dioxide
64
Biological control
**Eliminating a population of invasive species** by **introducing a predator, competitor, or pathogen**
65
biomagnification
-increase in concentration of a pollutant along tropic level (increasing as moving up food chain)
66
bioaccumulation
-**gradual build up** of pollutants **through lifetime** of **individual organism**

Yr 9 Science (4 decks)

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