Year 10 Key terms Flashcards

(45 cards)

1
Q

Watershed

A

The area of highland forming the edge of a river basin

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3
Q

Mouth

A

Where the river meets the sea

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4
Q

Source

A

Where the river begins

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5
Q

Tributary

A

A small river or stream that joins a large river

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6
Q

Channel

A

This is where the river flows

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8
Q

Precipitation

A

Moisture falling out of the atmosphere, rain, snow, sleet and hail

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9
Q

Stem flow

A

Water dripping down the stems and trunks of vegetation

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10
Q

Interception

A

Water held in the foliage of vegetation

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11
Q

Percolation

A

Downward movement of water entering the ground as soil becomes increasingly wet and soft

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12
Q

Surface storage

A

Water held as puddles/ pools on the land surface

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13
Q

Infiltration

A

Downward movement of water into the bedrock

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14
Q

Groundwater flow

A

The slowest movement of water which occurs in the bedrock

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15
Q

Water table

A

Level of water that occurs when all the pores in the soil have been filled

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16
Q

Ground flow

A

Water stored in bedrock

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17
Q

Surface run-off

A

Quick movement of water on land surface when either storm is too heavy for water to be absorbed by soil where the soil is impermeable or when the water becomes saturated

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18
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

Loss of water through the pores of vegetation and land surface

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19
Q

Transpiration

A

Water loss from the pores of vegetation into the atmosphere as water vapour

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20
Q

Throughflow

A

Sideways movement of water that can eventually cause a spring on the side of a valley

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21
Q

Hydrological cycle

A

As system caused of a series of inputs, transfers, stores and outputs

22
Q

Erosion

A

Wearing away of rocks and it’s removal by streams, ice, wind and waves

23
Q

Vertical erosion

A

The downward erosion of a river valley

24
Q

Lateral erosion

A

The sideward erosion of a valley

25
Q

Hydraulic action

A

Force of water hitting the bed and banks. Most effective when water is moving fast and there is lots of it

26
Q

Abrasion

A

Load the river is carrying repeatedly hitting the river bed and banks, causing some of the material to break off

27
Attrition
Stones and boulders carried by river get knocked together and are worn into smaller bits over time
28
Traction
Boulders are too heavy and can only be moved by rolling along the river bed by the force of water
29
Saltation
Load the river is being bounced along bed e.g small stones or sand. The size of the sediment into big and heavy to remain afloat for a long time
30
Suspension
Small particles are carried along in water e.g silts and clays. When large amounts of sediment are carried in suspension, it can make water look cloudy
31
Solution
Dissolved load within river which only occurs with certain rock types e.g chalk and limestone. The load is not visible
32
Process of deposition
Where river dumps/leaves materiel that it's been carrying. Largest is dumped first because heaviest. Smaller the load, further it can be transported so is deposited further downstream
33
Confluence
The point at which two rivers meet
36
Drainage basin
Area of land drained by a river and its tributaries
37
Discharge
The amount of water in a river passing a certain point at a certain time measured in cumecs (cubic meters per second) depends on velocity and speed
38
Cross profile
A line representing changes in the river valley or channel from one side to the other
39
Flood
Occurs when a river carries so much water that it cannot be contained by its banks and so it overflows to surrounding land - flood plain
40
Flood plain
Flat land around a river that gets flooded when the river overflows
41
Gorge
A narrow steep sided valley
42
Hard engineering
Building artificial structures aimed at controlling natural processes
43
Hydrograph
Shows how a river responds to a particular storm
44
Interlocking spurs
Ridges which extend alternatives from opposite sides of a v-shaped valley in the upper course of a river
45
Long profile
A line showing changes in altitude of a river along its course from source to mouth
46
Soft engineering
This option works with natural river system and avoids building on areas that are prone to flooding. Warn people about possible floods and planting trees increasing lag time
47
Waterfall
An abrupt, sometimes vertical drop in a river in its long profile
48
Climate change
Long term change in earths climate especially a change due to an increase in average atmospheric temperature
49
Quaternary period
Period of geological time from 2.6 million years ago to present