year 12 organic

Question 1

how does co2 cause global warming

Answer 1

C=O bonds absorb infrared radiation
radiation does not leave/transferred to other molecules

Question 2

effect of catalysts

Answer 2

speed up/slow down reactions

Question 3

oxidising agent (alcohol, ketone etc)

Answer 3

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
O in both

Question 4

reducing agent (alcohol, ketone etc)

Answer 4

LiALH4/NaBH4
attracted to delta positive charge of carbon in C=O bond
no O

Question 5

order of oxidation

Answer 5

alcohol -> ketone/aldehyde -> carboxylic acid
AAC

Question 6

colour change when oxidised

Answer 6

ORANGE - GREEN

Question 7

isomerism with differently positioned methyl/ethyl etc groups

Answer 7

chain isomerism

Question 8

reason why two isomers formed from attack of C=O bond

Answer 8

planar bond
equal chance

Question 9

name of mechanism for reduction of ketones

Answer 9

nucleophilic addition

Question 10

reagent for reduction of ketones

Answer 10

NaBH4

Question 11

test for alkene

Answer 11

bromine water
clear -> orange
shake

Question 12

test for alcohol

Answer 12

acidified potassium dichromate
water bath 60 degrees celsius
(primary and secondary) orange->green
(tertiary) no reaction

Question 13

Define stereoisomers

Answer 13

Same molecular and empirical formula
Atoms/bonds arranged differently in space

Question 14

Reagant for elimination mechanism + condition

Answer 14

Conc H2SO4 or con H3PO4
Hot temp

Question 15

Thermal cracking

Answer 15

High pressure and high temperature
1000 degrees C
70 atm

Question 16

Catalytic cracking

Answer 16

Zeolite catalyst
Slight pressure
High temperature

Question 17

Equation for formation of nitrous oxide in engines

Answer 17

N2 + O2 -> NO
2NO + O2 > 2NO2

Question 18

What removes nitrous oxide from car engines

Answer 18

Catalytic converters

Question 19

Equation in catalytc converter

Answer 19

2NO + 2CO -> N2 + 2CO2

Question 20

Equation for removal of acid rain

Answer 20

CaO + SO2 -> CaSO3

Question 21

Conditions for elimination of haloalkane

Answer 21

Warm ethanol under reflux

Question 22

Test for alkenes

Answer 22

Bromine water
Orange -> colourless

Question 23

What determines ratio of products when alkene reacts with hydrogen halide

Answer 23

Stability of carbocation

Question 24

least to most stable carbocation

Answer 24

Primary (2x hydrogen bonds)
Secondary
Tertiary (no hydrogen atoms)

Question 25

Which carbocations are more likely to form

Answer 25

The most stable ones Tertiary>secondary>primary

Question 26

How to dehydrate an alcohol

Answer 26

Water elimination Conc H2SO4

Question 27

Purify dehydrated alcohols

Answer 27

Distillation

Question 28

How to hydrate alkene

Answer 28

Acid catalyst Steam 300 degrees Celsius

Question 29

Disadvantages of fermentation of glucose

Answer 29

Only at optimum temperature When solution reaches 15% ethanol the yeast dies Time and money to distill

Question 30

Fermentation of glucose advantages

Answer 30

Cheap equipment Renewable sources

Question 31

Advantages of hydration of ethene

Answer 31

Pure product Very fast Low labour costs

Question 32

Disadvantage of hydration of ethene

Answer 32

Expensive equipment Finite reactant- from oil

Question 33

Ads of biofuel

Answer 33

Renewable resources Carbon neutral

Question 34

Disads of biofuel

Answer 34

Takes up space for growing food Deforestation Fertilizers pollute ecosystems Some cars dont work with biofuels

Question 35

Saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 35

Single bonds only

Question 36

Reason for cracking

Answer 36

Smaller chain molecules in higher demand

Question 37

Catalyst in catalytic converters

Answer 37

Rh/Pd/Pt/Ir

Question 38

Polymers from alkenes

Answer 38

Addition polymers

Question 39

Benefit of ozone layer

Answer 39

Absorbs harmful UV radiation/light

Question 40

Why CFC’s not banned after research released

Answer 40

Lack of evidence Hard to make international agreement

Question 41

Why does CFC contribute to global warming

Answer 41

Absorbs infrared radiation Polar bonds

Question 42

How do CFC atoms form chlorine atoms

Answer 42

C-Cl bonds broken

Question 43

Decomposition of ozone

Answer 43

O3 + *Cl -> *ClO + O2 *ClO + O3 -> *Cl + 2O2

Question 44

Empirical formula

Answer 44

Simplest whole number ratio

Question 45

Molecular formula

Answer 45

Real number of atoms

Question 46

Homologous series

Answer 46

Same functional group Different chain length

Question 47

Aliphatic

Answer 47

Straight chained Non aromatic

Question 48

Alicyclic

Answer 48

Non aromatic rings

Question 49

Structural isomers

Answer 49

Same formula different structure

Question 50

Positition isomers

Answer 50

Functional group in different place

Question 51

Stereoisomers polarity + significance

Answer 51

E isomers not polar because they cancel Z isomers polar because no cancel Different inter molecular formulas Different boiling points

Question 52

What determines rate of nu sub reaction

Answer 52

Strength of carbon halide bond

Question 53

Types of reaction of metal hydroxide in aqueous vs alcoholic

Answer 53

Aqueous = sub (s) Alcoholic = elimination (l

Question 54

Polychloroethene

Answer 54

PVC Waterproof, unreactive, insoluble Clothing

Question 55

How to make polymers more bendy

Answer 55

Plasticisers

Question 56

Alcohol properties

Answer 56

Low volatility Low b p Good solvent Lone pair on oxygen

Question 57

Hydration of ethene conditions

Answer 57

Steam Hot (300 degrees) High pressure 70 atm

Question 58

Advantages of hydration of ethene

Answer 58

Fast High yield Continuous

Question 59

Disadvantages of hydration of ethene

Answer 59

Comes from crude oil

Question 60

How to dehydrate alcohols

Answer 60

Strong acid yay

Question 61

Test for alcohols

Answer 61

Add sodium Bubbles is positive

Question 62

Test for COOH

Answer 62

Sodium hydrogen carbonate CO2 lime water

Question 63

Test for halogens

Answer 63

Nitric acid and silver nitrate