Year 3 FoPC Whirlwind Tour Flashcards
(30 cards)
1
Q
Sources of epidemiology data
A
- Hospital activity stats
- Drug misuse database
- Expenditure data from NHS
- General practice morbidity data
- Social securtiy stats
- Accident statistics
2
Q
2 broad categories of studies
A
- Discriptive
- Analytical
3
Q
What are discriptive studies
A
- Describe the amount and distribution of a disease in a given pop.
- Cheap quick and give valuable initial overview
- Can’t prove causation however
4
Q
3 types of analytical studies
A
- Cross-sectional study = Looks at single point in time
- Case controlled studies = One group has disease one doesn’t, looks at risk factors as to why one group got disease
- Cohort studies = A healthy group are followed through time
5
Q
Types of bias
A
- Selection = sample isn’t representiative of pop.
- Information = systemic error in measuring exposure or disease
- Follow up bias = Follow up some folk more than others
- Systematic error = Problem with measuring tool
6
Q
What are confounding bias
A
- Distorts the relationshp between the exposure and the disease
- Factor which is associated independently with both the disease and exposure under investigation
7
Q
Criteria for causality
A
- Strength of association
- Consistency (repeated observation in different pop.s under different circumstances)
- Specificity (a single exposure leading to a single disease)
- Temporality (timing, exposure comes before disease)
- Biological plausibility (Association agrees with know biology of the disease)
- Biological gradient (dose-response relationship ie more exposure more risk of disease)
8
Q
What is protection
A
Aimed at factors beyond the control of the individual like changing laws
9
Q
What is Health promotion
A
Any activity designed to prevent disease or enhance health (can be planned or opportunistic)
- Educational (informed choice)
- Socio-economic (make the healthy choice the easy choice)
- Psychological (change one’s attitude and behaviours)
10
Q
Health promotion examples
A
- Primary care (planned or opportunisctic)
- Govt. legislation like age limit and taxes
11
Q
Challenges to health promotion
A
- Doctors think resources could be better spent elsewhere
- Health promotion has no evidence for most health promotion activities
12
Q
What are Wilson’s criteria
A
Disease
- Important
- Understood natural hx
- Pre-symptomatic stage
Test
- Cost-effective
- Sensitive and specific
- Acceptable
Rx
- Cost-effective
- Acceptable
- Better outcome if early rx
13
Q
Cycle of change
A
- Pre-cotemplation
- Contemplation
- Preperation
- Action
- Maintenance
- Relapse
14
Q
Types of prevention
A
- Primary prevention (preventing a disease, eg vaccines)
- Secondary (early (pre-clinical stage) detection to cure or prevent symptoms )
- Tertiary (limit morbidity caused by a disease)
15
Q
Types of sustainability
A
- Global (climate change, resource depletion etc)
- NHS (Renewable energy, travel plans, Greener building design, meet funding challenges etc)
-Personal and career
+ves = secure job, workload ok, enjoy team working, work-life balance, are appreciated, develop special interests.
ves = high workload, difficult cases, running a buisiness
16
Q
Occ. health Hx
A
- Current and previous jobs
- Exposure to hazards/PPE?
- Other folk doing the same job getting the same symptoms
- Symptoms ease when not being exposed (days off)
17
Q
What does occ. health do
A
- Reduce work-related ill health
- Improve attendance
- Ensure a safe workplace (ensure enforcement of health and safety)
- Advice on ill-health retirment
18
Q
Effect of work, unemployment and re-employment
A
- Employment = economic resources
- Unemplyment = Poor general health, early mortaltiy, higher morbidity
- Re-employment = improved general and mental health and self-esteem
19
Q
Homeostatic reserve
A
- The abiltiy to stabilise one’s normal internal enviroment
- Get worse when old as fuck
- Young people look fine after being stabbed then go into hypovolaemic shock
20
Q
-Global health
A
- Everyone is ageing, more old cunts wherever you go
- Mortality rates are dropping
- More imigration
- Lead to demographic change (health, social and economic and political groups)
21
Q
Homeostatic reserve
A
- The abiltiy to stabilise one’s normal internal enviroment
- Get worse when old
- Young people look fine after being stabbed then go into hypovolaemic shock suddenly
22
Q
anticipatory care plans
A
- Promotinog discusion with individuals close to them
- Legal, persona nd medical
23
Q
Demographic changes
A
- Health= more geriatricians/facilities needed, more chronic conditions, more campaigns aimed at the old
- Social = More dependent on families and carers (who are also aging
- Economic = retirement age increase, young folk cant get a job, less people paying into taxes
- Polictical = Workforce planning
24
Q
What is comorbidity
A
Coexistence of two or more long-term conditions
25
What is an anticipatory care plan
- Discusion with individuals and their care providers (often + family) where decisions are made about their future care
- Legal, persona nd medical
26
Legal aspect of an anticipatory care plan
- Welfare power of attorney
- Finaicial power of attorney
- Gaurdianship
27
Personal aspects of an anticipatory care plan
- Preferred place of death
- Belief regarding death
- Advanced directive
28
Medical aspects of an anticipatory care plan
- Home care package
- DNACPR
- Palliative care
- Competence and capacitiy
29
How to determine if a patient is in a palliative stage
Palliative performance scale (goes down in 10% incriments higher it is the better youre doing)
30
When do you know someone requires palliative care
- Life-limitting diagnosis
- Unable to ambulate
- Majority of the day fatgued sitting
- Assistance to walk, bed -bound, paralysed
- Unable to feed themselves
