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Science > Year 8 Revision > Flashcards

Year 8 Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a drug?

A

A chemical (taken into the body) that changes the way the body or mind works

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2
Q

What is the definition of medicinal drugs?

A

Are drugs that help people suffering from pain or disease

Calpol for example

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3
Q

What is the definition of recreational drugs?

A

Are drugs that are taken for pleasure
Some are legal some are illegal
Cocaine for example

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4
Q

Name some types of medicinal drugs.

A

Antibiotics
Paracetamol
Cough medicine

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5
Q

Name some types of recreational drugs that are legal

A

Tobacco
Alcohol
Caffeine

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6
Q

Name some types of illegal recreational drugs

A

Ecstasy
Cannabis
cocaine

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7
Q

What are the 4 main types of drugs

A

Painkillers
Hallucinogens
Stimulants
Depressants

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8
Q

What are the effects and risks of Heroin

A

Effects:
Slows down body functioning
Get a rush
In your first does dizziness

Risks:
Death from overdose
Respiratory failure
Infections such as HIV and aids

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9
Q

What are the effects and risks of cocaine

A

Effects:
Raises body temperature lasts for 20-30 minutes
Heart beat failure

Risks:
Feel like you have the flu
Depression
Overconfidence and carlessness

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10
Q

What are the effects and risks of cannabis

A

Effects:
Chilled out relaxed
Feel sick
Talkative

Risks :
Effects blood pressure
Panic or paranoia
Coordination

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11
Q

What are the effects and risks of ecstasy

A

Effects:
Feel alive and alert
More intense colours
More intense sounds

Risks:
Dilated pupils
Blood temperature rise
Panic attacks

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12
Q

What are the effects and risks of solvents

A

Effects:
Drunk and dizzy
Fits of giggles
Hangovers

Risks:
Vomiting
Blackouts
Heart problems failure

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13
Q

What happens when you inhale

A

Ribs move up
Lungs expand
Diaphragm flattens
Muscles contract

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14
Q

What happens when you exhale

A

Lungs become smaller
Ribs move down
Diaphragm moves up
Muscles relax

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15
Q

What does alcohol do to your reaction time

A

Increases the time

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16
Q

Where does alcohol go once you have drunk it?

A

It is absorbed into your blood and reaches organs such as the liver.

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17
Q

What could happen with a high intake of alcohol?

A

It can damage organs such as the liver

And if pregnant the alcohol can harm the developing foetus by effecting the brain.

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18
Q

What is the mixture of chemicals that is sticky and causes cancer when it is smoked, it also covers your lungs

A

Tar

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19
Q

What is the poisonous gas that will reduce the ability of the red blood cells to carrie oxygen in smoking

A

Carbon monoxide

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20
Q

What is the addictive drug that goes straight to your brain and increases your heart rate and blood pressure

A

Nicotine

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21
Q

What does second hand smoking increase risks of

A 
Colds
Asthma 
Damages the heart 
increases blood pressure 
Ear infection
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22
Q

What is effected by emphysema and bronchioles

A

Air sacks

Inflammation and mucus

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23
Q

What does periphery artery disease affect

A

Blood vessels because it increases the rate at which plaque builds up in blood vessels

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24
Q

How does smoking effect sperm

A

It effects sperm because they begin to lose the ability to function properly

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25
Q

What does tobacco do to your mouth

A

Gives you gum disease

Kills taste buds

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26
Q

What are some examples of foods containing minerals

A

Cheese, carrots, oranges, bananas, steak, eggs, brocoli

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27
Q

What are some examples of vitamin

A

Carrots, bananas, oranges.

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28
Q

What percentage of each main types of food should you have on a balanced diet?

A 
Carbohydrates-30%
Fruit and veg- 30%
Dairy-15%
Protein-20%
Sweat foods/fats-5%
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29
Q

Vitamin a deficiency:

1) What is the name of the deficiency.
2) what are the symptoms
3) what is the food treatment.

A

1) nyctalopia/ night blindness
2) cannot see properly in the dark
3) carrots, fish, butter

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30
Q

Vitamin b deficiency:

1) what is the name of the deficiency
2) what are the symptoms
3) what is the treatment food

A

1) beri-beri
2) nerve disorder
3) egg

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31
Q

Vitamin c deficiency:

1) what is the name of the deficiency
2) what are the symptoms
3) what is the treatment food

A

1) scurvy
2) skin spots, bleeding gums death
3) citrus fruits, orange, cabbage

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32
Q

Vitamin d deficiency:

1) what is the name of the deficiency
2) what are the symptoms
3) what is the treatment food

A

1) rickets
2) bones become soft, permanent deformities
3) milk, fish, butter, eggs

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33
Q

Iron deficiency

1) what is the name of the deficiency
2) what are the symptoms
3) what is the treatment food

A

1) anaemia
2) tired easily, low haemoglobin
3) meat apples beans dry fruit

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34
Q

Iodine deficiency:

1) what is the name of the deficiency
2) what are the symptoms
3) what is the treatment food

A

1) goitre
2) swelling of the neck
3) iodised salt

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35
Q

Another vitamin b deficiency:

1) what is the name of the deficiency
2) what is the symptoms
3) what is the treatment food

A

1) pellagra
2) diarrhoea, dermatitis, dementia, death
3) beans milk eggs flour

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36
Q

Protein deficiency:

1) what is the name of the deficiency
2) what are the symptoms
3) what is the treatment food

A

1) kwashiorkor
2) irritability, drowsiness
3) carbohydrates high protein

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37
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

It is a set of organs and tissues that help you bring air into and out of your body

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38
Q

How does oxygen reach our blood from the air?

A

Air goes through the noes and mouth into the trachea then down into the bronchus (bronci) and then into the bronchioles. At the ends of the bronchioles are tiny sacks of air called alveoli. From the alveoli oxygen diffuses into the blood.

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39
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

This is where oxygen is exchanged with carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a waste product that needs to be removed from our bodies.

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40
Q

How do we break down and absorbe food.

A

Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules of nutrients.

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41
Q

What is the structure that food travels through to be digested?

A

The structure that food travels through to be digested is the gut.
Parts of the gut are the mouth, gullet, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.

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42
Q

Does the food travel though the gut with ease?

A

No, it tries to oppose it but the force acting on the food forces it through.

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43
Q

What happens to the food in the stomach with digestion?

A

In the stomach food is mixed with acid and digestive juices.

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44
Q

What happens in the small intestine with digestion?

A

Small molecules of nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream.

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45
Q

What happens in the large intestines with digestion?

A

Water is absorbed into the body

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46
Q

Wha happens in the mouth with digestion?

A

Food is chewed and mixed with saliva

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47
Q

What happens in the rectum with digestion?

A

Faeces are stored until they pass out the body.

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48
Q

What are the adaptions the small intestines have made to its function of absorbing nutrients?

A

The small intestines create villi which stick out of the wall and give it a big surface area, they also carrie blood capillaries which carry away food molecules.

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49
Q

Explain why it is good to eat a fibre rich diet?

A

The fibre prevents constipation.

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50
Q

The large molecules of food are insoluble which means they dissolve in water but they need to be small and soluble to pass through the lining of the large intestine

Facts so there in no back

A

Hi

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51
Q

What is an enzyme

A

Enzymes are chemicals that breakdown food

52
Q

Where are enzymes found in the body?

A

Small intestine
Mouth
Stomach

53
Q

What do these foods do for the body

1) carbohydrates
2) protein
3) fat

A

1) gives us energy
2) growth and repair
3) warmth and energy storage

54
Q

Examples of the food source that contains this nutrience.

1) carbohydrates
2) protein
3) fats

A

1) bread
2) meat
3) fat on meat

55
Q

Name the enzymes that break down these foods

1) carbohydrates
2) protein
3) fat

A

1) carbohydrase
2) protease
3) lipase

56
Q

What are the conditions needed for the enzyme to work (acid alkalis or neutral)

1) carbohydrase
2) protease
3) lipase

A

1) neutral or slightly alkalis
2) acid
3) alkalis

57
Q

What does the food molecule break down into?

1) carbohydrates
2) protein
3) fats

A

1) individual sugars
2) amino acids
3) glycerol and fatty acids

58
Q

Where are they digested

1) carbohydrates
2) protein
3) fat

A

1) mouth
2) stomach
3) stomach

59
Q

What solution do you add to foods to test them for starch

What colour do they turn from to

A

Add iodine solution

Turns from orange to dark blue

60
Q

What solution do you add to test for protein

What colour does it turn from to

A

Add Biuret solution

It turns from blue to purple

61
Q

What solution do you add to test for fat (lipids)

What colour does it turn from to

A

Add ethanol and water

Turns from colourless to cloudy

62
Q

What solution do you add to test for sugar

What colour does it turn from to

A

You add Benedict’s solution and then place it in a hot bath
Turns from blue to green (if little sugar)
Turns from bue to brick red if a lot of sugar

63
Q

What does nicotine cause to the lungs?

A

Causes inflammation

64
Q

What are some facts about the mouth to do with digestion

A

Chew food to make it easier to digest
Produces saliva which makes it easier to swallow
Carbohydrates are digested in the mouth

65
Q

What are medicinal drugs used for?

A

To them people who are sick to make them better

66
Q

One example of medicinal drugs are?

A

Calpol

67
Q

What are recreational drugs used for?

A

They are used for pleasure

68
Q

Name some examples of recreational drugs?

A

Cocaine
Heroin
Nicotine

69
Q

What drug does alcohol contain?

A

Ethanol

70
Q

What are some symptoms of drug withdrawal

A

Bicycle legs
Discomfort
Depression

71
Q

What is the definition of reactants in a chemical reaction?

A

The starting substances used in a reaction re the reactants

72
Q

What is the definition of products in a chemical reaction?

A

The new substance formed in a reaction are the products

73
Q

What is the definition of an element?

A

Is a pure substance (made of one material) can be solid liquid or gas

74
Q

What is the definition of a pure substance?

A

A solid liquid or gas that is made up of one type of material

75
Q

What is the definition of a compound?

A

It is two or more substances that are chemically bonded

76
Q

What is the definition of a mixture

A

It is two or more substances that are not chemically bonded

77
Q

What are the three things in the fire triangle?

A

Oxygen
heat
fuel

78
Q

What is the symbols for methane

A

CH4

79
Q

What is the definition of a complete combustion

A

Is a combustion that has lots of oxygen

80
Q

What is the definition of an incomplete combustion?

A

It is a combustion that has a lack of oxygen

81
Q

What is the definition of combustion?

A

Combustion is the scientific term for burning

82
Q

What are the three things required for combustion

A

Oxygen
Fuel
Heat

83
Q

What is an example of an incomplete combustion

A

Methane + a lack of oxygen is an incomplete combustion.

84
Q

What is thermal decomposition?

A

It is the breaking of a compound using heat

85
Q

Name some examples of substances that can be broken down using heat

A

Calcium
Magnesium
Zinc

86
Q

Name one example of a substance that can be broken down using heat

A

Sodium

87
Q

Name the 2 products that form when a fuel burns?

A

Carbon dioxide

Water

88
Q

Why do we burn fuel?

A

To release energy

89
Q

In a chemical reaction the total mas of the reactant is equal to the total mass of the product. Mass can only be transferred NOT CREATED OR DESTROYED
What is this key term called

A

The conservation of mass

90
Q

What does endothermic mean?

A

An endothermic reaction is a reaction that takes in energy usually as heat, it transfers energy from he surroundings.
This also means that the temperature of the SURROUNDINGS DECREASE

91
Q

What is the definition of exothermic?

A

An exothermic reaction is a reaction that gives out energy usually as heat or light, it transfers energy to the surroundings.
This means that the temperature of the SURROUNDINGS INCREASE

92
Q

What is an example of an exothermic reaction?

A

The melting of ice

93
Q

What is an example of an endothermic reaction?

A

The freezing of water

94
Q

If there is an exothermic reaction being shown on an energy level diagram where is the reactant and where is the product

A

The reactant is at the top left hand side and the product is on the bottom right hand side

95
Q

Where is the reactant and product shown in an endothermic reaction on an energy level diagram

A

The product is on the top right hand side and the reactant is on the bottom left hand side

96
Q

What is the arrow that connects the product and the reactant on an energy level diagram

A

It represents the energy that has been released

97
Q

Why is activation energy important in a reaction

A

Every reaction needs a little bit of energy (like a spark) to get started, this called activation energy

98
Q

What is the definition of the conservation of mass

A

In a chemical reaction, the total mass of a product must be equal to the total mass of the reactant.

99
Q

What is always produced in thermal decomposition

A

Carbon dioxide

100
Q

When bonds are broken energy is taken in

A

When bonds are made energy is released

101
Q

What reaction releases energy in our body

A

Respiration

102
Q

Is respiration exothermic or endothermic

A

Respiration is an exothermic reaction

103
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

This is when the body cannot supply the cells with oxygen needed to break down glucose, this is when the body has to Carrie out anaerobic respiration

104
Q

What does aerobic respiration have that anaerobic does not?

A

Arebic respiration has oxygen in the reactant and carbon dioxide in the product but anaerobic respiration just has gluecose in the reactant and no oxygen

105
Q

What is fermentation

A

This is a form of anaerobic respiration when glucose is sorted into ethanol in the presence of yeast
Glucose ———— ethanol+carbon dioxide
Yeast

106
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis

A

Light energy
Water + carbon dioxide —————— glucose + oxygen
Chlorophyll

107
Q

Carbon dioxide comes from the air and diffuses into the leaves
Water comes from the rain
Glucose is used in respiration stored in starch or cellulose
Oxygen is also used in respiration

A

Fact card

108
Q

How can you increase photosynthesis

A

Plenty of water
Lots of sunlight/artificial light
Lots of heat
Lots of carbon dioxide

109
Q

Why do plants need nitrates

A

Used for protein

110
Q

Why do plants need magnesium

A

Used to make chlorophyll

111
Q

Why do plants need phosphates

A

Required for healthy roots

112
Q

Why do plants need potassium

A

regulates stomata opening and closing

113
Q

What is the definition of fertiliser

A

The chemicals that farmers add to the soil to prevent their crops from mineral deficiency

114
Q

Notes on leaves
They are specially adapted for photosynthesis
Each component of a leaf has a special function that helps to carrie out photosynthesis

A

Are green- contain chlorophyll which absorbes light
Are thin- this allows gases to diffuse in and out of the leaf easily
Have a large surface area- to absorbe as much light as possible
Have veins- these contain xylem tubes which transport water, and phloem tubes which transports glucose

115
Q

Why is the underneath of a leaf lighter than the top?

A

This is because the cells on the bottom of the leaf contain less chloroplasts which means less chlorophyll

116
Q

Why does the top of the leaf have a waxy layer

A

To reduce the amount of water that evaporates of the leaf

117
Q

What is stomata function

A

They are tiny holes in the leaf that allow gasses to diffuse in and out of the leaf
Carbon dioxide diffuse in and oxygen and water diffuse out
They open during the day and close during night

118
Q

What is the function of the palisade layer

A

Contains cells packed with chloroplasts this is where most of the plans photosynthesis occurs

119
Q

What is the function of the spongy layer

A

contains air spaces allowing carbon dioxide to diffuse throughout the leaf

120
Q

Is bond braking exothermic or endothermic

A

Endothermic as it takes in energy

121
Q

Is bond making exothermic or endothermic

A

Exothermic as it gives out energy

122
Q

What is the definition of oxygen debt

A

A lack of oxygen at a certain time, means that more oxygen has to be taken in later

123
Q

How does water get into the plant?

A

Water diffuses into the root cells, the hairs provide a large surface area to maximise the diffusion of water into the plant. The water is then transported around the plant in long hollow tubes called xylem tubes. These run throughout the plant. As the water evaporates from the leaves more water is drawn up through the plants.

124
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction in which carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light change into glucose and oxygen. Glucose is the plants food whereas oxygen is a waste product so it is released into the atmosphere.

125
Q

What is stomata.

A

Stomata are little holes in the leaf that let gases diffuse in and out of the leaf.

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