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ANEW-H-Russia > Yezhovshchina > Flashcards

Yezhovshchina Flashcards

1
Q

When was the trial of 17?

A

1937

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2
Q

When was the purge of the military?

A

May-June 1937

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3
Q

When does Beria replace Yezhov as security chief?

A

March 1938

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4
Q

What year does the pace of terror slow down?

A

1939

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5
Q

When was the assassination of Trotsky in Mexico?

A

1940

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6
Q

When is the trial of 21?

A

March 1938

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7
Q

from what month and year did Stalin terror take a new intensity with the issue of NKVD Order 00447?

A

July 1937

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8
Q

Who drew up NKVD Order 00447 which was subsequently approved by the Politburo?

A

Yezhov

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9
Q

NKVD Order 00447 was drawn up by Yezhov and approved by the Politburo, what was thus ordered to be established?

A

a small NKVD committee at regional levels as well as at Republic level to search out former kulaks criminals and other anti-Soviet elements

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10
Q

What did the Order 00447 do?

A

it ordered the removal of Anti-Soviet elements

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11
Q

Arrest lists were drawn up under NKVD Order 00447, what did this include? (4)

A

artists, musicians scientists and writers

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12
Q

Within a month of the NKVD Order 00447 how many arrests had been made, sent to gulags?

A

100,000 arrests and 14,000 sent to gulag camps

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13
Q

By when was the pressure to achieve arrest quota’s os great that the NKVD committees began selecting individuals almost at random?

A

by the autumn 1937

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14
Q

What was everyone encouraged to root out?

A

hidden enemies

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15
Q

What did the NKVD rely on to keep up quota’s of arrests?

A

informers

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16
Q

Modern historians have estimated that there was only one informer to every ____ inhabitants?

A

400

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17
Q

How were confessions extracted from victims?

A

by threats or physical and mental torture using beatings and a ‘conveyor belt’ system whereby one interrogator to another until he or she was mentally or physically broken

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18
Q

Who was the editor of Izvestiya?

A

Radek

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19
Q

Radek, the editor of Izvestiya was one of the trial of 17; how many years was he imprisoned for?

A

10 years

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20
Q

when was the trial of 1937?

A

January 1937

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21
Q

Who was the 1937 trial of 17?

A

17 prominent communists who were accused of plotting with Trotsky, spying and sabotaging

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22
Q

how many of the trial of 17 in 1937 were sentenced to death?

A

13

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23
Q

While Trotsky was in exile in Mexico, on hearing of the Trial of the 17, his account was intended for publication, what had he said?

A

That he could not believe that people would believe that the Old Bolsheviks, hero’s of the civil war and the builders of the party would be guilty of espionage, saboteurs and fascists

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24
Q

When were the military purges?

A

May-June 1937

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25
Q

Who did Stalin order the arrest of in May 1937 after fearing they might try to mount to a military coup? (2)

A

Marshal Tuckhachevsky
and
Yan Gamarnik

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26
Q

When was Marshal Tuckhachevsky and Yan Gamarnik executed together with 6 other top military commanders during the military purges?

A

June 1937

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27
Q

The trial of Marshal Tuckhachevsky, Yan Gamarnik and 6 other top military commanders opened the way for a “great purge” of the Red Army which included how many

  • Marshals of the Soviet Union
  • war commissars
  • admirals
  • senior air force commanders
A

2 more Marshals of the Soviet Union
11 war commissars
8 admirals
and all but one air force commanders

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28
Q

What % of officer corps in all three services were executed or imprisoned?

A

50%

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29
Q

What fraction of those officer corps imprisoned were reinstated by the middle of the 1940’s?

A

1/4

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30
Q

What happened to Pyatnitsky, Comintern official and member of the Central Committee ?

A

he spoke out about the army purges, the following morning Yezhov unearthed evidence that he had been an agent of the tsarist secret police. Stripped of party membership and executed in 1938

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31
Q

During 1937-1938, how many officials were shot for refusing to approve the execution of people whom they had believed to be innocent?

A

74 million

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32
Q

Between what years were 74 million officials shot of refusing to approve the execution of people whom they believed to be innocent?

A

1937-1938

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33
Q

When was the trial of 21?

A

March 1938

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34
Q

Who were the 4 main defendants in the trial of 21 in 1938?

A

Bukharin, Rykov, Yagoda and Tomsky

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35
Q

What was Yagoda’s position prior to his arrest?

A

former head of the secret police

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36
Q

How many personal letters did Bukharin send to Stalin while arrested before the trial of 21 March 1938?

A

34

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37
Q

After 3 months arrest and 34 personal letters to Stalin why did Bukharin eventually give in to the interrogators?

A

after threats to his wife and infant son

38
Q

As of 1935 what was the highest military rank?

A

Marshal of the Soviet Union

39
Q

Marshal Tuckhachevsky was accused if esponiage and plotting with Trotsky, what happened to his family as a result?

A

His wife was arrested and executed in 1941, jobs mother and one sister died in prison and his 3 sisters husbands were shot as were his brothers

40
Q

What was Marshal Tuckhachevsky accused of and executed for?

A

espionage and plotting with Stalin

41
Q

When was Yagoda tried and executed in the trial of 21?

A

1938

42
Q

What happened to Yagoda’s family after his execution?

A

they were shot, imprisoned or exiled

43
Q

What did Yagoda’s removal ensure Stalin had full control of?

A

the NKVD

44
Q

What had the purges provided an opportunity for party members?

A

to settle old scores and denounce their colleagues

45
Q

What did the Order00447 1937 against ‘anti-Soviet elements’ lead lower-ranking Party members to denounce?

A

to denounce those above them such as higher officials and secretaries

46
Q

By the end of 1938 what fraction of all Party members had been purged?

A

1/3rd

47
Q

By the end of 1937 1/3rd of all Party members had been purged, what were many accused of?

A

Trotskyite conspiracy

48
Q

From what year was Trotsky in exile abroad?

A

1929

49
Q

What did Trotsky write in 1937 which mentioned that Stalin had created an over-bureaucratic state?

A

The Revolution Betrayed

50
Q

What year did Trotsky write ‘The Revolution Betrayed’ which mentioned that Stalin had created an over-bureaucratic state?

A

1937

51
Q

In what decade were more gulags built in order to provide cheap labour for Stalin’s huge industrial projects?

A

1930’s

52
Q

There was a huge surge in inmate numbers following the Great Purges and spread of terror in the late 1930’s leading to an increase from 800,000 in 1935 to how many by the end of 1938 according to historian Robert Conquest?

A

between 5.5-9.5 million

53
Q

Which historian claimed that the number of inmates in gulags increased from 800,000 in 1935 to between 5.5-9.5 million by the end of 1938?

A

Robert Conquest

54
Q

What had the gulags become by the end of 1938?

A

they became places which deliberately worked to death the labourers or outright murdered them

55
Q

Ironically, even who were not themselves immune to the persecution of the gulags and many purged?

A

camp commandants themselves

56
Q

How was the work conditions of the gulags? (3)

A
  • expectations high
  • physical demands excessive
  • hours of work in excess
57
Q

What were the mortality rates in the gulags in comparison to those in the USSR?

A

4-6 x higher

58
Q

From what year was there a wave of national deportations?

A

1937

59
Q

In 1937 who were deported from the Far Eastern region to Central Asia when war with Japan threatened?

A

a Korean minority

60
Q

Where were purges carried out in 1939 and 1940 to the nationalities?

A

to the newly annexed parts of Poland and the Baltic States

61
Q

Poles and germans were deported from near the Western frontiers, purges were carried out in the annexed parts of Poland and the Baltic Sea in what 2 years?

A

1939 and 1940

62
Q

IN 1941 how many Volga Germans were deported to Siberia and Central Asia?

A

400,000

63
Q

IN what year was 400,000 Volga Germans deported to Siberia and Central Asia?

A

1941

64
Q

Where had collectivisation have a devastating effect on the economy?

A

in some republics

65
Q

Which republic’s agriculture decimated when it was force to produce cotton to supply Russian industry?

A

Uzbekistan

66
Q

Why did Stalin adopt a ruthless policy of centralisation in the 1930s?

A

because of resistance to economic change

67
Q

In the 1930’s Stalin adopted a ruthless policy of centralisation in the 1930’s because of resistance to economic change such as making what compulsory everywhere?

A

Russian

68
Q

Virtually the entire party leadership of the non-Russian republics were replaced in what years by those more prepared to bow to Moscow’s wishes?

A

1937-1938

69
Q

The years of the Yezhovchina, what was also seen to be revived especially in rural areas during campaigns against ‘saboteurs’?

A

anti-Semitic attitudes

70
Q

When 2 million Jews were incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1939-1940 as a result of the invasion of Eastern Poland and the Baltic republics, who were arrested in these areas?

A

many rabbis and religious leaders

71
Q

How many Jews were incorporated into the Soviet Union 1939-1940 as a result of the invasion of Eastern Poland and Baltic republics in which many rabbis and religious leaders were arrested?

A

2 million

72
Q

Where did Stalin’s anti-religious campaigns spread?

A

into the Ukraine and Belorussia

73
Q

Where was there a direct persecution of Muslims after 1928?

A

Central Asia republics

74
Q

Why did the pace of the Yezhovchina slow down by the end of 1938?

A

as this had threatened to destablise the State and both industry and administration suffered

75
Q

Who did Stalin use as a scapegoat for industrial and administration failings at the Eighteenth Party Congress?

A

Yezhov

76
Q

When was Yezhov executed for his ‘mass cleansing’s’ which Stalin denounced him for in the Eighteenth Party Congress for causing the industry and administration to suffer?

A

1940

77
Q

Who replaced Yezhov as head of the NKVD?

A

Beria

78
Q

Mercador was the assassin who killed Trotsky in 1940 with an ice pick and sentenced to 20 years in Mexico for this crime; how was his mother rewarded for her sons service?

A

she was given the “order of Lenin”

79
Q

During the war in 1944 who organised the deportation of ‘suspect’ nationalities including the Crimean Tatars?

A

Beria

80
Q

What in 1932 may have led to Stalin’s institutionalisation of the terror?

A

the suicide of his wife

81
Q

Arguably, why was terror a necessary part of the process of economic change which had taken place since the 1920’s?

A

it was needed to remove the kulaks, provide slave labour and scapegoats for mistakes and failures

82
Q

How can it be said that Terror did not come exclusively from Stalin?

A

as Local party activists promoted terror, knowing their actions would not be checked

83
Q

What had made Stalin suspicious in regards to a german coup?

A

the contacts between the red Army and the Nazi’s following the Rapallo and Berlin treaties

84
Q

How can the Terror be said to be self-escalating?

A

as it took on a life of its own, used by individuals to settle personal scores. Fear fed on fear.

85
Q

What institution which had before 1936, controlled membership through expulsions of those who failed to match the high standards of disciple that Party membership demanded and lost its power?

A

the Central Committee

86
Q

How many party members were expelled from 1936-1938?

A

850,000

87
Q

Why were 850,000 party members expelled from 1936-1938?

A

because of the personal interventions of Stalin and Yezhov’s NKVD

88
Q

By 1939 what % of the Party membership had joined before 1920?

A

less than 10%

89
Q

What fraction of new recruits since 1920 survived the purges?

A

less than 1/4

90
Q

How many officers were shot or dismissed?

A

23,000

91
Q

What must take fault for the evident military failures in the first months of the war in 1941?

A

the effect of the purges

92
Q

When were teachers, engineers and specialists all persecuted?

A

at a time when rapid industrial change demanded their expertise

ANEW-H-Russia (36 decks)

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