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MSK 3 final > Youth Athlete > Flashcards

Youth Athlete Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Importance of Youth Sports -
Sport/Physical Activity is associated with:

A

Leadership skills
Self-esteem
Healthy lifestyle habits (active)
Reduced depression

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2
Q

Youth Athletes:

A

Includes both children and adolescents

Girls: Child (11 and under) adolescent (12-18)

Boys: Child (13 and under) adolescent (14-18)

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3
Q

Immature Skeletal Anatomy

A

growth plates (epiphyseal plates) are still open = more susceptible to growth-related injuries, such as apophysitis (inflammation of the growth plate)

Bones still developing = variations in density and strength compared to fully matured bones in adults
* increases the risk of fractures and stress injuries

joints and muscles may have greater flexibility, but lack the strength and stability seen in adults
*focus on balanced training to prevent injuries

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4
Q

Immature Emotional Development

A

Self-Regulation: Younger athletes may struggle with emotional regulation during competition, leading to impulsive decisions or difficulty managing stress and frustration.

Social Dynamics: The social aspect of sports is significant. Young athletes often navigate peer relationships and may experience pressure from teammates, coaches, and parents, impacting their enjoyment and mental health.

Identity Formation: Participation in sports plays a key role in developing self-identity. Young athletes may grapple with balancing their athletic identity with other aspects of their lives, such as academics and social interactions.

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5
Q

Development (Maturation)

A

Timing, rate, and magnitude vary

Not consistent between body systems

Some athletes may develop physically earlier or later than their peers, affecting their strength, speed, and skill acquisition

Coordination, balance, and cognitive skills develop at different rates, which can influence an athlete’s ability to learn new skills and adapt to the demands of their sport

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6
Q

Children are NOT small adults = Skeletal differences:

A

Bones less dense, more elastic (especially during growth spurt= transient mineral shortage)
*Greenstick Fx

Open Physis
*Weakest area, Salter-Harris fractures

Apophysis
*Insertional point for tendon/ligament
*Apophysitis and avulsion common
*Secondary growth center: opens ~ 9, closes ~ 22yo

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7
Q

Fastest growth rate (outside of infancy)

A

During a growth spurt, bones can grow faster than the soft tissues can adapt = increased injury risk

bones can grow quickly, often outpacing the growth of surrounding soft tissues (muscles, tendons, and ligaments)

Soft tissues may not stretch or strengthen at the same rate as bones, leading to imbalances and a greater likelihood of injury

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8
Q

Osgood-Schlatter Disease:

A

Inflammation of the growth plate below the knee, often seen in active adolescents.

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9
Q

Sever’s Disease:

A

Inflammation of the growth plate at the heel, common in young athletes involved in running and jumping sports.

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10
Q

Models of Youth Development: Sampling

A

Age: 6-12

Goal: Develop Fundamental Skills

Running, Jumping, Throwing, Catching

Physical Literacy Across Sports

Rotate Through Sports and Positions

Example: Learn to throw

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11
Q

Models of Youth Development: Specialization

A

Age: 13-15

Goal: Sport and Position-specific Skill Acquisition

Proficiency of Movement

Fine Tune Technique

Example: Learn to Pitch (how to throw a curveball)

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12
Q

Models of Youth Development: Investment

A

Age: 16-18

Goal: Skill Mastery

Proficiency of Movement

Increase Pitch Velocity

Improve Shooting Accuracy

Example: Throw a curveball with accuracy

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13
Q

What is Sport Specialization Original Definition (Hill 1987):

A

“Participation in a single sport to the exclusion of other sports”

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14
Q

What is Sport Specialization Expanded Definition (Hill 1987, Hill 1989, Jayanthi 2013):

A

Participation in a single sport >8 months per year

High intensity training and competition within that sport

Participation in multiple leagues throughout the year

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15
Q

Problem =

A

EARLY specialization (prior to age 12) is the problem

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16
Q

Early specialization linked with:

A

$2 Billion in Healthcare expenditures & growing

Increased Injury Risk

Burnout

Impaired physical/social development

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17
Q

Surgical sports injury cases <13 years old

A

2004-2009: 117 ± 32
2010-2014: 212 ± 70

noticeable increase in the average number of surgical sports injury cases among youth athletes under 13

rise of approximately 81%

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18
Q

Potential Factors Contributing to the Increase: Surgical sports injury cases <13 years old

A

Increased Participation: There may be more children participating in organized sports, leading to a higher incidence of injuries.

Specialization in Sports: Youth athletes may be specializing in specific sports at a younger age, which can increase the risk of overuse injuries and surgical interventions.

Increased Awareness and Reporting: Improved awareness of sports injuries and better reporting mechanisms could contribute to a rise in recorded surgical cases.

Changes in Training and Competition: More competitive environments and intensive training regimens may increase the risk of injuries among young athletes.

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19
Q

___% participate in some type of organized sport

A

70

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20
Q

Average age of specialization is ___

A

8 yo (<12 = early)

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21
Q

Encouraged to have a primary sport by ___

A

2nd grade

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22
Q

The average child today plays ___ sports

A

fewer than 2

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23
Q

Why is early specialization occurring?

A

Increased Competition
Parental Influence
Increased Access to Resources
Social Factors
Perceived Benefits
Cultural Trends

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24
Q

Increased Competition

A

Youth Sports Culture: There is a growing emphasis on competition and performance at younger ages. Families and coaches often prioritize winning, pushing children to specialize early to gain a competitive edge.

Scholarship Opportunities: The belief that early specialization can lead to college scholarships or professional opportunities drives many parents to encourage their children to focus on one sport.

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25
Parental Influence
Expectations: Parents often have high expectations for their children, leading to pressure to excel in a single sport from an early age. Role Models: Seeing elite athletes specialize in one sport can influence parents and children to adopt similar pathways, believing it is necessary for success.
26
Increased Access to Resources
Training Facilities: The availability of specialized training facilities and coaches for specific sports encourages children to focus on one sport rather than participate in multiple activities. Year-Round Programs: Many sports now offer year-round training and competitive opportunities, making it easier for young athletes to commit to a single sport
27
Social Factors
Peer Influence: Children often want to fit in with peers who are also specializing, leading to a snowball effect where more children choose to focus on one sport. Team Dynamics: As children progress, they may feel pressure to specialize to maintain their position on competitive teams, especially if their friends are also specializing.
28
Perceived Benefits
Skill Development: The belief that specializing early leads to greater skill development and mastery of a sport can encourage parents and athletes to commit early. Reduced Time Commitment: Some families may find it easier to manage schedules with one sport rather than juggling multiple sports, believing it offers more focused training.
29
Cultural Trends
Media Influence: Coverage of elite athletes and success stories in specific sports can create a narrative that specializing is the most effective path to success. Normalization of Specialization: As early specialization becomes more common, it reinforces the idea that it is the norm, encouraging more families to follow suit.
30
Why? Follow the Money
Youth sports is now a $15 Billion industry youth sports industry has grown substantially
31
Year round availability of:
Sport specific lessons/training Competitive travel teams Competitive club teams Showcase tournaments
32
Stakeholders: Understanding drivers of early sport specialization is complex
Parents: want their children to succeed, whether in sports or through scholarships, and may encourage specialization to enhance their chances Coaches: encourage early specialization to build a competitive team Peers/Society: look to their peers for cues on behavior and expectations
33
Early Sport Specialization = College & Pro Sport Success
Specializing in a single sport can lead to more targeted skill development specialization allows for more hours of practice in one sport, which some believe leads to higher levels of competence and readiness for collegiate and professional competition may provide young athletes with more competitive experience, as they often participate in higher-level competitions sooner than those who play multiple sports
34
concerned about getting injured:
most = a little concerned or somewhat concerned least = extremely concerned
35
believe they will receive a college scholarship related to athletic performance:
most = somewhat likely second most = neither likely nor unlikely few = extremely unlikely or likely
36
parents awareness about sport specialization and injury:
partcipating all year-round increases chance of child getting injured = SOMEWHAT
37
Coaches and Early Specialization?
most: somewhat concerned or very concerned least: not at all concerned
38
Parents Unaware of Recommendations
lack awareness of the potential risks associated with early specialization, including overuse injuries and burnout support training regimens that increase their child's risk of injury, resulting in long-term consequences for their health and athletic development
39
Coaches Unaware of Recommendations
Insufficient Training and Education often rely on their own experiences and those of other coaches when making decisions about training and specialization perpetuate the common belief that early specialization is essential for success, despite the lack of supporting evidence prioritize winning over athlete development
40
What evidence do we have to refute early specialization?
higher incidence of overuse injuries, particularly in sports that require repetitive motions, such as baseball, gymnastics, and soccer higher risk of developing conditions such as stress fractures and tendonitis Burnout and Dropout Rates Lack of Enjoyment Research indicates that early specialization does not necessarily correlate with long-term success
41
Does Early Specialization Lead to Sport Success?
Unrealistic Expectations: 0.5% of HS athletes make it to the Pro level vast majority of young athletes will not reach elite levels, regardless of their training intensity or focus on a single sport
42
NCAA probability of competing in professional athletics: baseball: M basketball: W basketball: football: M ice hockey: M soccer:
baseball: 9.5% M basketball: 1.2% W basketball: 0.9% football: 1.6% M ice hockey: 6.4% M soccer: 1.4%
43
Does Early Specialization Lead to Injury Risk?
higher volumes of sport-specific training, which can result in overuse injuries participate in training and competitions year-round without adequate rest and recovery periods tendinitis, stress fractures, and growth plate injuries are more prevalent in young athletes who specialize early, particularly in sports that require repetitive motions, such as gymnastics, baseball, and soccer
44
effects of playing multiple high school sports:
multi-sport: less major injuries and reduces risk
45
Early Specialization Injury Risk Summary: Limited Evidence Suggests
High Sport Specialization is Associated with Higher Risk of Overuse Injury 81% more likely ~ Double the risk No evidence to support early specialization in most sports Multi-sport may even reduce risk
46
Injury Prevention Programs?
Education is the best we have right now Less than 10% studies include under 18 *90% of athletes are under 18 Children are not small adults
47
Parent/Coach Education 30%>
general safety and injury prevention effective motivational techniques sports skills and tactics CPR/basic first aid concussion management physical conditioning
48
AOSSM Monitor closely if:
participate more hours per week than their age >16 hours per week of intense training
49
AOSSM Recommendations:
Single sport athletes should have break periods involving diverse neuromuscular training Promote multisport participation Patient education
50
AMSSM recommendations - training workload:
limit weekly and yearly participation time limits on sport-specific repetitive movements individualized base on age/growth rate/readiness/injury history
51
AMSSM recommendations - strength and conditioning:
preseason conditioning programs strength gains injury prevention injury rehab improved sport performance
52
___ injuries are under-reported in the current literature because most of injury definitions have focused on ___
overuse time loss from one sport
53
_____ is an established risk factor for overuse injuries and should be noted as part of each injury assessment
a history of prior injury
53
___may identify prior injury patterns and provide an opportunity to assess sport readiness
preparticipation exams
54
adolescent female athletes should be assessed for ____ as a potential predisposing factor to overuse injury
menstrual dysfunction
55
parents and coaches should be educated regarding the concept of s____ variations in cognitive development, as well as motor skills, should be considered when setting goals and expectations
port readiness
56
each sport specialization may not lead to long-term success in sports, and may increase risk for ____.
overuse injury and burnout
57
with the exception of of early entry sports such as _____ , sport diversification should be encouraged at younger ages
gymnastics figure skating swimming/diving
58
when an overuse injury is diagnosed, it is essential to address the ____ .the athlete, parents, and coaches should be involved in reviewing all risk factors and developing a strategy to attempt to avoid recurrent injury.
underlying causes
59
all overuse injuries are _____. clinicians should be familiar with specific high-risk injuries, including stress fractures of the femoral neck, tarsal navicular, anterior tibial cortex, and physis and effort thrombosis
not inherent benign
60
Common Youth Sports Injuries
Apophysitis Avulsion Fractures
61
Apophysitis =
Traction injury to the apophysis in growing individuals Cartilaginous that ossify during skeletal maturation (injury does not impact longitudinal bone growth) Overuse Repetitive explosive movements: running, jumping, throwing
62
Apophysitis Common locations:
Tibial Tubercle: Osgood-Schlatter’s Inferior Patellar Pole: Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Calcaneus: Sever’s Medial Epicondyle: Little league elbow Little league Shoulder: traction injury to the proximal humeral growth plate
63
Apophysitis Treatment:
Activity to tolerance (modify if needed) *Unless growth plate involved Muscle length Muscle strength Symptom management *Chopat strap It will go away with rest and as the apophysis matures
64
Avulsion Fractures =
Traction injury resulting in fracture * Childrens ligaments/tendons are stronger than their pliable bones * Ligament/tendon tears rare in children, more likely to avulse *Same mechanism as acute tendon ruptures in adults Sudden pop with pain, localized over bony insertion +/- laxity
65
Avulsion Fractures Common areas:
Medial epicondyle (instead of UCL injury) Tibial spine (instead of ACL injury) Iliac Crest/ASIS/AIIS/Ish Tuberocity Tibial tubercle 5th met Calcaneus
66
Avulsion Fractures Treatment:
Conservative management usually successful = Rest/immobilization similar to typical fx management ORIF if: *Conservative management fails (non union) *Displaced too far to heal If growth center is damaged: deformity * Much more concerning in younger than older
67
Conclusions:
Prevention is key
68
Injuries to growth plates/growth centers can result in:
maldevelopment/malalignment with significant long-term consequences Poorer results for knee and ankle
69
Significant deformity may require:
multiple surgeries and typically results in early joint degeneration = lots of downstream costs to healthcare system

MSK 3 final (9 decks)

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