Youths Flashcards
(24 cards)
How does Bandura’s Social Learning Theory explain delinquency?
- Observational Learning: Form ideas about others’ behaviours and incorporate them into ideas about ourselves
- JD is acquired behaviour from the social env (and is subsequently reinforced through operant conditioning)
How does the theory of parenting styles explain delinquency?
- Indulgent parenting
- Promotes acting out behaviour
- Uninvolved
- Acting out might become an adaptive strategy (ecological systems theory)
What do tertiary interventions for deliquency intend to do?
Give some examples.
- Aims:
- Ameliorating consequences – LT results of the prob (eg: more serious crimes, fractured family ties, mental illness)
- Examples:
-
Restorative Justice Model of the Youth Court
- Children in need of care and protection + Children BPC + Children who have committed an offence
-
Restorative Justice Model of the Youth Court
Define the following terms:
- Juvenile
- Young Person
- Juvenile Delinquent
- Pre-Delinquent
- Juvenile: 7 - 16 (CYPA), < 19 (SPF)
- Young Person: 14 - 16 (CYPA)
- Juvenile Delinquent: Youths who commit criminal offences (eg: underage smoking)
- Pre-Delinquent: Youths who exhibit preliminary signs of delinquency (eg: persistent disregard for authority, predisposition to dishonesty & use of force)
How do Erickson’s Life Stages (psychosocial theory) explain delinquency?
- Erickson’s Life Stages:
- Trust vs Mistrust | Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt | Initiative vs Guilt | Industry vs Inferiority | Identity vs Identity Diffusion | Intimacy vs Isolation | Generativity vs Self-absorption | Integrity vs Despair
- The env may cause child to be unable to resolve earlier ife tasks (eg: abandoned child with several caregivers may not have been able to form trusting r/s with any adult), affecting develoment in later stages + psychosocial traits
- SW needs to help child get stable env to resolve earlier task and move on to next life task
What does it mean to provide services to a millenial or post-millenial?
- Use tech mediums that appeal to them (eg: influencers)
- Listen to what they define as their own life stage needs, rather than imposing theoretically defined needs onto them
- Millenials more concerned with intangible sense of fulfilment than tangible material status symbols characterizing the success sequence
- Post-millenials more concerned with material issues
- Also aligned with SW value of self-determination, and cognizant that definition of needs change over time
- Help them to manage friction with their parents from a previous generation, who might disapprove of the more lofty and less materially rewarding life goals that they have decided to pursue
- New groups of previously marginialized ppl will be more encouraged to openly seek help from SW because their identities are now affirmed and their struggles sympathised with under the more permissive moral order. (eg: LGBT youths)
What do primary interventions for delinquency aim to do?
Give some examples.
- Aims:
- Modify pre-conditions to prevent social probs from developing (eg: long working hours, changing family structure)
- Examples:
- Social policies on families (eg: proximity housing grant)
-
Enhanced STEP-UP (School SW to Empower Pupils to Utilise their Potential)
- School-based SW programme offered by community agencies
- Life skills & parenting progs
What do secondary interventions for delinquency aim to do?
Give some examples.
- Aims:
- Work on specific causes – factors related directly to prob (eg: inadequate parental guidance)
- Ameliorate specific effects – symptoms that clearly signify prob’s existence (eg: marital conflicts, disciplinary probs, juvenile offences)
- Examples:
- Healthy Start Programme
-
Enhanced STEP-UP
- School-based SW programme offered by community agencies
- Individual and family work, complementing teachers as front-line counsellors
-
UPLIFT by MOE (2019)
- Inter-agency task force that aims to strengthen support for underperforming students from disadvantaged families
- Identify students + map needs + facilitate community-based outreach
- FSCs
-
Out-Of-School Youths (‘Youth Inc’)
- MCYS funds youth agencies to develop progs to help youths return to sch or learn vocational skills
Describe the Beyond Parental Control process.
What are the implications to youth work from the numbers and trends in youth issues?
Need to first affirm whether this is a true decrease, or simply because of shrinking cohort sizes (calculate %).
- Less court orders / juvenile offenders ➝ Less youth workers needed. But those that remain should:
- Focus on innovating upstream prevention work
- Work intensively on remaining cases
- Be very well-versed with youth issues
- Should also focus on other manifestations of latent probs (eg: family probs manifested as mental illness rather than delinquency)
What is the definition of a youth according to
- UN
- Singapore
And what is a consideration that might arise from these definitions?
UN: 15 - 24
Singapore: 15 - 35
Because age range is wide, need to more specifically analyse which specific age range do the results of youth attitude surveys represent.
What are some statistics of the number of youth crimes committed?
- According to SPF:
- On a decline since 2005 from ≈ 5k to ≈ 3k in 2013
- According to MHA:
- On a decline since 2009 from ≈ 1.8k to ≈ 1.1k in 2017
What is the “success sequence” and what are its controversies?
- What:
- High-School ➝ Full-time job ➝ Get married ➝ Have children
- Adherents less likely to be poor + better children outcomes
- Controversies:
- Asking ppl to adhere to this sequence without giving them the necessary social structures to attain this sequence
What are some theories of deviance / delinquency? (Just list)
- Erikson’s Life Stages (Psychosocial)
- Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
- Ecological Systems Theory
- Social Control Theory
- Parenting Styles
How does Social Control Theory explain delinquency?
- Close bonds to well-functioning social grps and institutions act as a deterrent against JD, because
- Attachment: Individual internalises the wishes and expectations of the conventional group whom he is emotionally connected to
- Commitment: Investing in a conventional way of life will make young person less likely to jeopardise that position
- Involvement: Less time for young person to engage in deviant activities
- Belief: Acceptance of basic moral values and laws
Describe the two interventions in place from juvenile arrest until before the youth is charged in court
-
Triage System
- SW accompanies juvenile for questioning
- To detect social issues for early intervention
-
Guidance Programme
- Pre-court diversionary programme for youths who have commit minor offences
- Youths let off with warning + casework, no need to appear in court
Describe the process a youth goes through from being charged in the Juvenile Court back to his return to the community.
- Yellow boxes
-
Streetwise Programme
- By police or juvenile court referral
- 6 month prog by SSOs to deal with street gangs
-
Probation Service
- Non-residential supervision by probation officer for compliance with court order
-
Streetwise Programme
- Residental Programme
- Homes approved by MSF that offer protection and emphasize restorative rehab
- Parole Supervision
- Aftercare Service
What are the types of offences that delinquents commit?
- Most common:
- Theft
- Rioting
- But more:
- Violent offences
- Online scams
- Virtual crimes (eg: loansharking bosses who youths report to are now based overseas)
- Out of SG’s legal jurisdiction, hence need for international laws
- Youths becoming both victims and perpetrators of outrage of modesty
How has the landscape for youth-at-risk agencies changed?
- Previously, individual agencies would bid to run progs that MSF requests
- Now, ISPs are consolidated youth-at-risk agencies that each offer:
- Enhanced STEP-UP
- Triage System
- Guidance programme
- One other specialised programme (Eg: Streetwise Programme)
How does Ecological Systems Theory explain delinquency?
- Problematic behaviour are adaptive strategies to environmental deficits, not arising from individual deficits
- One system can influence other systems (eg: family system ➝ school system)
- But acknowledges that individual can modify his external env
What are some efforts to tackle substance abuse amongst youths?
- Upstream educational efforts
- Preventive programmes (eg: HPB work with VWOs to identify out-of-school youths at high risk for drug consumption and direct them to progs)
- Tough enforcement of deterrent laws
What are some reasons why youths are engaging in risky sexual behaviour?
- Changing family values ➝ Greater freedom to mix socially
- Parents uncomfortable discussing sexuality with children ➝ Peer and media influences ➝ Relaxed attitude towards sexuality
- ‘Personal fable’ – Believe that nothing can happen to them
What is the definition of a Millenial and Post-Millenial, and what are some of their characteristics?
- Milennials
- Born in 1980s-1990s / early 2000s
- Characteristics:
- “Boomerang Generation” – never leave the home, esp in Western contexts where youths are expected to leave by 18
- Lazy & narcisstic job-hoppers; tech-savvy; socially & morally conscious; open-minded
- Post-Milennials (Gen Z)
- Born in 2000s
- Characteristics
- Tech natives – psychosocial implications
- More worried about material issues – rising COL, parents have lesser resources
- More passionate about life purpose – interested in start-ups
- More morally conservative
- Culturally egalitarian, global mindset
Describe the Juvenile Arrest Process.
